Age of Revolution to World War I

conservatism

This was the political idea in which the people regarded tradition as the basic source of human institutions and the proper state and society remained those before the French Revolution which rested on a judicious blend on monarchy, bureaucracy, aristocracy, and respectful commoners.

nationalism

"the bonding of a people by a common language, history, traditions, beliefs, and goals

liberalism

principal ideas liberty and equality, demanded representative government, equality before the law, freedom of press, speech, assembly, from arbitrary arrest, called for unrestricted private enterprise, no government interference in the economy (laissez-faire) Nationalism.

individual rights

protecting one's individual rights and freedoms from government intervention

utilitarianism

The theory associated with Jeremy Bentham that the principle of utility, defined as the greatest good for the greatest amount of people, should be applied to the government, the economy, and the judicial system.

socialism

a system of government in which the economy is managed solely by the government. Totalitarianism: a system of government whereby the state has absolute power and the individual only lives to serve the state

bourgeoisie and proletariat

Bourgeoisie. The middle class minority who owned the means of production and, according to Karl Marx, exploited the working class proletariat.

Proletariat. The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgeoisie.

Das Kapital

a book written by Karl Marx describing his economic theories. Socialism. a political theory advocating state ownership of industry.

July Ordinances

A set of edicts issued by Charles X of France that imposed rigid censorship of the press, dissolved the legislative assembly, and reduced the electorate in preparation for new elections.

Decembrist revolt

Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicolas I. Followers were illiterate.

Chartism

the first large-scale European working-class political movement; it sought political reformers that would favor the interests of skilled British workers.

People’s Charter of 1838

The movement of supporters of the People's Charter (drawn up in Britain in 1838), which sought to transform Britain into a democracy and demanded universal suffrage for men, vote by secret ballot, equal electoral districts, annual elections, and the elimination of property qualifications for and the payment of stipends

Great Reform Bill

designed to extend voting privileges to the urban middle class by restructuring the representatives in the British Houses of Parliament.

Corn Laws

British laws governing the import and export of grain, which were revised in 1815 to prohibit the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels, thus benefiting the aristocracy but making food prices high for working people.

Revolutions of 1848

series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. They all ended in failure and repression and were followed by widespread disillusionment among liberals.

June Days

A revolt during the month of June as a result of the abolishment of national workshops. This event ended the liberal capitalist and the radical socialists tension ending in victory for liberalism and Capitalism.

Concert of Europe

an agreement by various Great Powers, who had formed a Quadruple Alliance (Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia), to put down any future revolutions through military force. Called the Principle of Intervention, this was an attempt to preserve the balance of power and principle of legitimacy.

Zollverein

Prussian merchants, with the support of the Prussian crown, established the customs and trade union known as the Zollverein in 1834. The Zollverein freed trade between most of the German states, with the exception of Austria. Industrialists and merchants thus brought liberal politics into German nationalism.

Austro-Prussian War

Also known as the Seven Weeks' War. Resulted in a Prussian victory & Austria permanently excluded from German affairs.

Franco-Prussian War

enabled Bismarck to bring the states of Southern Germany into the confederation. France was defeated & the German empire was proclaimed. German Confederation. A loose federation of 39 states which was established at the Congress of Vienna.

Paris Commune

elected as a "municipal government" by Parisians following the siege of Paris by Prussia, the end of the Franco-Prussian war and Napoleon III's rule, and the election of many monarchists to the National Assembly. - "Formally proclaimed" on March 28, 1871.

Bessemer process

The process of producing steel by blowing air through molten pig iron and removing impurities. Created by Henry Bessemer. Buildings lasted longer and were not as expensive to build.

Second Industrial Revolution

In the second Industrial Revolution, which occurred from 1870 to 1914, production moved from a focus on textile production to a focus on the mass production of steel and machinery. The mass production of steel, made possible by the discovery of the Bessemer process, led to infrastructure advances in railroads

railroads

In the second Industrial Revolution, which occurred from 1870 to 1914, production moved from a focus on textile production to a focus on the mass production of steel and machinery. The mass production of steel, made possible by the discovery of the Bessemer process, led to infrastructure advances in railroads

Luddites

The Luddites were nineteenth-century English textile workers who resisted the introduction of the factory system. Famously, they even physically attacked and destroyed machinery in many factories.

age of the class

A society in which concerns of the majority--the lower classes--play a prominent role; characterized by the extension of voting rights, an improved standard of living for the lower classes, and mass education.

Dreyfus Affairs

The Dreyfus Affair was a political and criminal justice scandal in France that went from 1894 to 1906. French artillery officer Alfred Dreyfus, of Jewish descent, was convicted of treason in 1894 and sentenced to life in prison.

Zionism

a policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

cult of domesticity

emphasized the importance of women's roles in the home and their responsibilities as wives and mothers. The ideal woman in this ideology was expected to be pious, pure, submissive, and focused on domestic duties, including cooking, cleaning, and caring for children.

suffragettes

People who campaigned for women's right to vote in the late 1800's and early 1900's.

Romantics

marked an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe in the late 18th century and spread to the Americas in the 19th century. It emphasized emotion, imagination, and individuality as a reaction against the rationalism and order of the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution.

new imperialism

New imperialism refers to the period of European colonial expansion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, during which European powers extended their control over territories through political domination and direct rule