Chapter 29: Body Fluids

________ is controlled as hydrogen ions generated by hydrogen carbonate formation are bound by haemoglobin.

________ due to infection or injury initiates inflammation, a nonspecific defense mechanism that produces swelling, redness, warmth, and pain.

________ is a disorder in which the immune system identifies normal body components as antigens and produces antibodies to them.

________ are carried from the intestine to the sites of their catabolism.

________ from endocrine glands are delivered to their target tissues.

________ and carbon dioxide are carried to and from different body parts by RBCs.

In ________, carbon dioxide diffuses into RBCs, where it is converted to hydrogen carbonate ion.

Solutes that can cross membranes freely (________) move from regions of high solute concentration to regions of low solute concentration.

If output is greater than intake (as in the ________ athletes), body mass will be lost; 4 % or greater body mass loss is considered to be dangerous.

A blood pH outside the normal range of 7.35- 7.45 can be caused by respiratory or ________, resulting in the potentially serious conditions of acidosis or alkalosis.

To maintain ________, the daily intake of water must roughly equal that of the daily output of water; this is approximately 2500 mL per day for an average adult.

________ are carried to the kidneys.

________ (immunoglobulin) is glycoprotein molecule that identifies antigens.

The cell- mediated ________ is under the control of several kinds of T lymphocytes or T cells.

The filtrate flows from the capsule into the ________ that makes up the rest of the nephron, and the blood enters the network of capillaries intertwined with the ________.

It is composed of water, nitrogen- containing wastes, and electrolytes (including ________- and NH4 +) that are excreted to help maintain acid- base balance.

Blood enters a nephron at a glomerulus, a(n) ________ surrounded by a fluid- filled space.

The ________ known as B lymphocytes or B cells, with the assistance of T cells, are responsible for the antibody- mediated immune response.

The ________ collects excess interstitial fluid, debris from cellular breakdown, and proteins and lipid droplets too large to pass through capillary walls.

In addition, blood buffers are essential to the ________.

________ is a substance foreign to the body that triggers the immune response.

________ is composed of the products of filtration, minus the substances reabsorbed, plus any secreted substances.

________ through peripheral tissue in a network of tiny, hair- like capillaries that connect the arterial and venous parts of the circulatory system.

In the kidney, ________ causes a decrease in the water content of the urine, while thirst receptors in the hypothalamus, the heart, and blood vessels trigger increased water intake.

Water and many small solutes move freely across the capillary walls in response to differences in ________ and concentration.

On the ________ of the capillaries, blood pressure is lower, and water and solutes from the surrounding tissues are able to re- enter the blood plasma.

________, which prevents loss of blood and begins the healing of wounds.

________: Blood carries the molecules and cells needed for two major defense mechanisms:

________ sets off dilation of capillaries and increases the permeability of capillary walls.

________: Blood redistributes body heat as it flows along, thereby participating in the regulation of body temperature.

________ is a nonspecific defense mechanism triggered by antigens or tissue damage.

________ is transported in blood as a solute, attached to haemoglobin, or in solution as hydrogen carbonate ion.

The cell- mediated ________ principally guards against abnormal cells and bacteria or viruses entering the normal cells.

________ is transported attached to Fe2+ ions in haemoglobin.

________ is a defense mechanism of the immune system dependent on the recognition of specific antigens, including viruses, bacteria, toxic substances, and infected cells; either cell mediated or antibody- mediated.

fluid portion of plasma left after blood has clotted

The circulatory system is the bodys equivalent of an interstate highway network, transporting materials from where they enter the system to where they are used or disposed of

Blood redistributes body heat as it flows along, thereby participating in the regulation of body temperature

Blood carries the molecules and cells needed for two major defense mechanisms

and NH4 +) that are excreted to help maintain acid-base balance