Modules 22-25

Our awareness of ourselves and our environment

A social interaction in which one person responds to another person’s suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized

Used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

The biological clock

Regular bodily rhythms (ex. temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle

(aka paradoxical sleep)

Rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur

Muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

The type of brain wave associated with alert wakefulness and intense mental activity

The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

Present during stage 1 and 2 of NREM sleep

Deep relaxation and meditation 

Periodic, natural loss of consciousness– as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

False sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep present during stage 3 of NREM sleep

Non-rapid eye movement sleep

Encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

Theta waves are present during this stage. Heartbeat, eye movements, brain waves, and breathing activity begin to taper down

Motor movements also diminish, although muscle twitches called hypnic jerks may occur

Usually only lasts a few minutes

Theta waves slow down and have noticeable pauses between short, powerful bursts of electrical activity called sleep spindles

Breathing, heart rate, and body temperature lower

About half of sleep occurs during this stage

Final stage of sleep before REM sleep

Deep sleep where delta waves are present

Muscle tone, pulse, and breathing rate decrease

A pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls the circadian rhythm

In response to light, it causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks

The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings

A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified

Unlike nightmares, these occur during NREM-3 sleep, within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

Notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it

According to Freud, the remembered storyline of a dream

According to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

Continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

The diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing drug’s effect

Compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (such as gambling) despite known adverse consequences

The discomfort and distress that follows discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions 

Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use

Drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

Opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin

They depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing sped up body functions and associated energy and mood changes 

A stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

A powerful and addictive stimulant producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria

A powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with sped up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

Over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

A synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen

Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition

Psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

A powerful hallucinogenic drug

Also known as acid

An altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as by cardiac arrest)

Often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

The major active ingredient in marijuana

Triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations