Biological Molecules

As it can make 4 bonds with elements like H , O and N

A molecule that can combine with others of the same kind to form a polymer.

Chemical process in which two molecules combine to form a more complex one with the elimination of a simple substance, usually water.

The breaking down of large molecules into smaller ones by the addition of water molecules .

• Monosaccharides

• Disaccharides

• Polysaccharides

3-7 :

• Triose

• Pentose

• Hexose

• Ribose

• Deoxyribose

• Glucose

• Fructose

• Galactose

• Maltose

• A

• Sucrose

• A

• Lactose

• A

• Cellulose

• Starch

• Sucrose

• Starch

• Glycogen

• Cellulose

• Amylose

  or

• Amylopectin

Straight , long , unbranched , layered and bonded by H-Bonds :

• plant based

• ß Glucose

• (1-4) Bonding

• NOT Branched

• structural function

• not soluble

Unbranched and coiled :

• Plant based

• α Glucose

• (1-4) Bonding

• NOT Branched

• Helical

• Storage Function

• Soluble

• Starch it is

Long , branched and sometimes coiled :

• Plant based

• α Glucose

• (1-4) and (1-6) Bonding

• Branched (per 20 subunit)

• Storage Function

• Not soluble

Short , highly branched and sometimes coiled :

• Animal based

• α Glucose

• (1-4) and (1-6) bondings

• highly branched ( per 10 subunit )

• Storage function

• Mostly soluble

• add the food sample to water and grind it up

• add Benedict’s reagent

• buffer solution for low pH and heat

• if turns brownish-red —> reducing sugar is present

Sugars capable of donating electrons to other chemicals.

• first apply Benedict’s test to prove there’s no reducing agent present.

• add HCl to cover disaccharides into monomers.

• add sodium hydrogencarbonate ( a base ) to bring the solution back to alkalinity.

• reapply the test and prove that this time reducing agents are present!

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures.

Alpha Glucose

• Highly soluble

• Blood sugar it is

• the first sugar used in humans in order to produce energy

• controlled by insulin and glucagon

• produces in plant cells

Beta Glucose

• fruit sugar

• plants produce it

• humans can turn it into glucose

• sweetest sugar

• Maltose ( malt sugar )

• Sucrose ( table sugar )

• Lactose ( milk sugar )

• Iodine / Potassium Iodide

• if turns black —> (+)

• triglycerides

• waxes

• phospholipids

• insoluble in water

• soluble in non-polar material like acetone, chloroform and alcohols

• proportion of O to C and H is less relatively

• used as energy source ( 2x of what carbs give away )

• waterproof

• bad conductors of heat

• glycerol

• fatty acids

  —>

• triglyceride

  (+ 3 water )

more than 70

no double bond between carbons

containing double bonds between fatty acids

( this results in bending of the molecule thus they are found as liquids in nature )

• add lipid to ethanol

• mix

• add water

• if turns cloudy white —> (+)

H bonding :

( between carboxyl and amino groups )

• disulfide bonds —> R groups

• hydrogen bonds —> amine groups, alcohol groups, and acids

• ionic bonds —> two side and r groups

non-peptide (non-protein) compounds that mostly attach to proteins and assist them in different ways.

the sequence of aa’s that makes up the polypeptides of a protein

the way in which the chain of aa’s of the polypeptides of a protein are folded ( via H-Bonds )

the folding of a polypeptide chain in a precise way as determined by the aa of which it is composed .

a number of polypeptide chains linked together and smt associated with non-protein groups to form a protein.

the chemical bond formed between 2 aa’s during condensation .

a group of aa’s that makes up the region of an enzyme into which the substrate fits in order to catalyze a reaction .

• to find proteins

• (+) —> lilac

• (— )—> blue

a type of intramolecular bond in which atoms share a pair of electrons , one from each atom .

permanent changes due to the unravelling of the 3-d structure of a protein as a result of factors such as TEMP change or pH change .

a protein or RNA that acts as a catalyst and so alters the rate of reaction .

the chem. bond formed between the positive charge on a H atom and negative charge on a another atom of an adjacent molecule .

a group of atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons .

variations of a chemical element that have the same number of protons while having different numbers of neutrons thus having different masses !

FA that possesses a carbon chain with a single double bond

loss of electrons

the gain of electrons

FA that possesses carbon chains with many double bonds .

The lock and key model is a theory of enzyme action that explains how enzymes fit their substrate. The active site of an enzyme is structured to fit a specifically shaped substrate. Once the substrate binds to the active site, the enzyme will facilitate the reaction and release products of the reaction.

The induced-fit model states a substrate binds to an active site and both change shape slightly, creating an ideal fit for catalysis. Enzymes promote chemical reactions by bringing substrates together in an optimal orientation, thus creating an ideal chemical environment for the reaction to occur.

• blocks the active site ( compete for it )

• non permanently bonds with AS

• when the substrate conc increase , it’s effects decrease

• binds the allosteric site

• distort the AS

• permanent

• the position H and hydroxyl groups on the carbon atom 1 is inverted !

• Beta glucose

• form long, unbranched, straight sheets

• layered

• interact and connected by H-Bonds

• Microfibrils

• provide strength, steardiness and rigidity

• compact

• helical

• insoluble ( so does not affect the water potential )

• hydrolysis lasts shorter than of the cellulose’s

  ( faster delivery of energy )

the temporary molecule made when substrate bonded to enzyme .

• ph low

• H+ high

• ionic bonds disrupted

• tertiary structure broken

The monomers that make up the active site ( or the whole molecule )

Monomers as they ( themselves ) have got no monomer or repeating smaller units !

A pH meter is a scientific instrument that measures the hydrogen-ion activity in water-based solutions, indicating its acidity or alkalinity expressed as pH .

• specific AS due to their specific 3-D structure

• Only some of the proteins have complementary shapes to these AS ( not fit )

• So ES complex is formed between specific types of molecules

NEIN

• DNA change results in a different aa sequence

• So different bonds formed between aa’s resulting in a different folding .

• So eventually the AS changes !