322 Exam 1

The dicrotic notch is due to…

The closing of the atrioventricular valves

The closing of the semilunar valves

The opening of the atrioventricular valves

The opening of the semilunar valves

The first heart sound is caused by…

The closing of the atrioventricular valves

The closing of the semilunar valves

The opening of the atrioventricular valves

The opening of the semilunar valves

The second heart sound is caused by…

The closing of the atrioventricular valves

The closing of the semilunar valves

The opening of the atrioventricular valves

The opening of the semilunar valves

The volume of blood in the left ventricle increases…

at a steady rate throughout ventricular filling

fastest in the first half of ventricular filling

fastest in the last half of ventricular filling

The volume of blood in the left ventricle decreases…

at a steady rate throughout ventricular ejection

fastest in the first half of ventricular ejection

fastest in the last half of ventricular ejection

In response to a single action potential in a cardiomyocyte, enough calcium enters the sarcoplasm to saturate troponin.

True

False

Cardiomyocytes use summation to generate greater tension.

True

False

Cardiomyocytes never experience tetanus.

True

False

The cardiomyocyte action potential is about as long as systole.

True

False

Which has a greater influence on the flow of blood?

The length of the blood vessel

The radius of the blood vessel

The viscosity of the blood

\n Blood flow through a section of an arteriole is…

Constant throughout the diameter of the vessel

Slower in the center of the lumen

Slower near the wall of the blood vessel

The atrioventricular valves open when pressure is higher in the…

atria

ventricles

The semilunar valves are open when pressure is higher in the…

arteries

ventricles

The action potential of atrial cardiomyocytes has a shorter plateau phase than that of ventricular cardiomyocytes.

True

False

We need a large pressure difference across an open valve to get blood flow.

True

False

All the cardiomyocytes in the ventricles are linked by gap junctions.

True

False

Which part of the ventricular walls contract first?

near the apex

near the base

A resting cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to…

calcium

potassium

sodium

During the plateau phase of the action potential, the cardiomyocyte has a high permeability to…

calcium

potassium

sodium

By definition, arteries carry…

Blood away from the heart

Blood toward the heart

Deoxygenated blood

Oxygenated blood

Some arterioles and venules are visible without a microscope.

True

False

The diameter of a capillary is about the same diameter of a single red blood cell.

True

False

Males tend to have a higher hematocrit than females.

True

False

Which valve is most likely to develop an insufficiency?

Aortic semilunar valve

Bicuspid valve

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Tricuspid valve

The right ventricle has the same cardiac output of the left ventricle.

True

False

Phosphorylation of the F-type cation channel…

Decreases its permeability leading to a faster heart rate

Decreases its permeability leading to a slower heart rate

Increases its permeability leading to a faster heart rate

Increases its permeability leading to a slower heart rate

Parasympathetic activity to the SA node causes the most negative membrane potential in the SA node to be…

less negative

more negative

At rest,…

There is no nervous activity to the heart

There is parasympathetic activity to the heart

There is sympathetic activity to the heart

There is both parasympathetic and sympathetic activity to the heart

Circulating epinephrine has the same effect on the heart as the sympathetic nervous activity to the heart.

True

False

Pre-load is the same as end systolic volume.

True

False

\n Increasing preload…

Increases the stretch on the ventricle

Decreases the stretch on the ventricle

Does not affect the stretch on the ventricle

A stretched cardiomyocyte contracts with more force because it…

Has less overlap of actin and myosin

Has more overlap of actin and myosin

Is less sensitive to calcium

Is more sensitive to calcium

Cardiomyocytes are at their optimum length for generation of force at their resting length.

True

False

By definition, veins carry…

blood toward the heart

deoxygenated blood

blood away from the heart

oxygenated blood

Most of the proteins in the blood are made by the…

heart

spleen

blood vessels

lungs

liver

kidneys

Blood makes up about ______ % of body weight in an average person.

14

10

12

6

2

8

4

16

Put the following in order from most numerous to least numerous in the blood.

________have the most F-type cation channels?

sinoatrial nodal cells

Purkinje fibers

atrioventricular nodal cells

bundles of His cells

Where does most of the gas, nutrient and waste product exchange occur?

arterioles

arteries

venules

capillaries

veins

Electrical activity conducts the slowest through the…

ventricular cardiomyocytes

atrioventricular node

Purkinje fibers

bundles of His

sinoatrial node

atrial cardiomyocytes

Put the following parts of the heart in order from the first to depolarize to the last to depolarize.

Electrocardiograms measure ___________ voltage.

extracellular

intracellular

A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves toward the negative electrode in an ECG lead would cause __________________________ deflection on the ECG.

an upward

a downward

no

A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves toward the positive electrode in an ECG lead would cause ______________ deflection on the ECG.

an upward

a downward

no

A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves toward the negative electrode in an ECG lead would cause _____________ deflection on the ECG.

an upward

a downward

no

A wave of repolarization in the heart that moves toward the positive electrode in an ECG lead would cause ____________ deflection on the ECG.

an upward

a downward

no

Pressures are lower in the pulmonary trunk and right ventricle than they are in the aorta and left ventricle.

True

False

The pressure changes on the left side of the heart and the right side of the heart are qualitatively similar.

True

False

The largest volume of blood is in the ventricle during

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

The smallest volume of blood is in the ventricle during

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

The ventricular walls are…

The same thickness on the right and left sides of the heart

Thicker on right side of the heart

Thicker on the left side of the heart

According to the lecture video, highly trained aerobic athletes can increase their cardiac output by up to…

7 times resting values

4 times resting values

3 times resting values

2 times resting value

6 times resting values

5 times resting values

What type of adrenergic receptor is present on SA nodal cells?

beta 1

beta 2

beta 3

There are no adrenergic receptors on SA nodal cells.

alpha 1

alpha 2

What type of muscarinic receptor is present on SA nodal cells?

M2

M4

M1

There are no muscarinic receptors on SA nodal cells.

M3

M5

What type of receptor are all beta-adrenergic receptors?

Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors

Receptor tyrosine kinase

Guanylyl cyclase receptors

Intracellular receptors

Ion channel receptors

Gi protein-coupled receptors

Gq protein-coupled receptors

Gs protein-coupled receptors

What type of receptor is the muscarinic receptor on the heart?

Intracellular receptors

Guanylyl cyclase receptors

Gi protein-coupled receptors

Gq protein-coupled receptors

Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors

Gs protein-coupled receptors

Ion channel receptors

Receptor tyrosine kinase

In normal physiology, if one cardiomyocyte depolarizes, they all depolarize.

True

False

the inactivation gate of the volatge-gated sodium channel opens in response to…

depolarization

repolarization/hyperpolarization

F-type cation channels open in response to…

depolarization

repolarization/hyperpolarization

The upswing of the action potential in a nodal cell is due to the opening of…

Fast voltage-gated sodium channels

F-type cation channels

L-type calcium channels

T-type calcium channels

A wave of depolarization in the heart that moves perpendicular to an ECG lead would cause __________ deflection on the ECG.

a downward

an upward

no

Increasing contractility with no change in venous return can lead to a sustained increase in cardiac output.

True

False

What type of adrenergic receptor is present on contractile cardiomyocytes?

A1

A2

B1

B2

B3

There are no adrenergic receptors on contractile cardiomyocytes

If blood is allowed to clot before being separated in a centrifuge, the fluid at the top of the tube is called _______.

The goal of the cardiovascular system is to get blood to the _________ because that is where gas, nutrient and waste product exchange can occur.

The resistance to blood flow is due to _______.

What neurotransmitter is released by the parasympathetic neurons onto the heart?

What organ makes most of the proteins in the blood?

What word means contraction in the heart?

What is the purpose of the papillary muscles in the ventricles of the heart?

The upswing of the action potential in a cardiomyocyte is due to the opening of…

Fast voltage-gated sodium channels

F-type cation channels

L-type calcium channels

T-type calcium channels

No arterioles nor venules are visible without a microscope.

True

False

more blood enters the ventricle in the first half of ventricular filling than during atrial systole.

True

False

A semilunar valve stenosis would be heard….

After the first heart sound

After the second heart sound

The smallest volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of

Systole

Diastole

Parasympathetic activity….heart contractility

Directly decreases

Directly increases

Does not directly change

Dephosphorylation of the F-type cation channel would….

Decreases its permeability leading to a faster heart rate

Decreases its permeability leading to a slower heart rate

Increases its permeability leading to a faster heart rate

Increases its permeability leading to a slower heart rate

From mid-diastole to start of systole, ventricular pressure is….

Decreasing because its losing more blood

Decreasing because it compliance is increasing

Increasing because its receiving more blood

Increasing because its compliance is decreasing