AP Bio: Unit 5

Cell division for gamete formation

Variability in genetic traits within a species.

Cells with half the chromosome number (n).

Cells with the full chromosome number (2n).

Result of haploid egg fertilized by haploid sperm.

Cell division producing genetically identical diploid cells.

Region holding sister chromatids together in a chromosome.

First round of meiosis involving reduction division.

Stage where chromosomes condense

Chromosomes align in homologous pairs at the cell center.

Homologous chromosomes separate

Formation of two nuclei in meiosis I

Second round of meiosis similar to mitosis but without DNA replication.

Individual strands of a replicated chromosome

Four chromatids formed by two homologous chromosomes during synapsis

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

The rate at which genetic recombination occurs between genes on the same chromosome

Diagrams showing the relative positions of genes on chromosomes based on recombination frequencies

Genes located close together on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together

Mutations caused by genetic recombination between nonhomologous chromosomes

Random alignment and separation of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I

Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during anaphase

Genetic condition with an abnormal number of chromosomes

Also known as Down syndrome

Study of how genetic information is passed from parents to offspring

Using mathematical principles to predict genetic outcomes

Units of chemical information that carry inherited traits

Different variations of a gene that can occupy the same locus on a chromosome

Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) that carry genetic information

Chart showing how a trait is passed down through generations

Traits expressed when at least one allele is dominant

Traits expressed only when both alleles are recessive

Traits carried on the sex chromosomes and show gender-specific inheritance patterns

States that alleles separate independently during gamete formation

Genes for different traits segregate independently during meiosis

Genetic makeup or alleles in an organism (e.g.

Physical expression of the genotype in an organism (e.g.

Having two identical alleles for a trait (e.g.

Having two different alleles for a trait (e.g.

Trait expressed with one copy of the allele in the phenotype

Trait expressed with two copies of the allele in the phenotype

Cross where both parents are heterozygous for a single trait

Cross between two organisms heterozygous for two traits

Likelihood of an event happening

Scientist known for his work in genetics and inheritance

Term used by Mendel for heterozygous organisms

The probability of two independent events occurring simultaneously is the product of their individual probabilities

Breeding experiment to study genetic inheritance patterns

Breeding of two organisms

Characteristic passed down from parents

Result of reproduction

Cross between dominant phenotype and recessive phenotype

Exchange of genetic material between linked genes

Measure of distance between genes on a chromosome

Structure containing genetic material

Genes located on sex chromosomes with unique inheritance patterns

Chromosomes not involved in sex determination

Trait expressed more in males due to X chromosome inheritance

Trait rare in humans

Trait influenced by multiple genes

Inheritance pattern of genes in mitochondria or chloroplasts

Inheritance of traits from the mother

Ability of same genotype to produce different phenotypes based on environment