AP World History Unit 5 Vocab

Enlightenment

a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

Social Contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Natural Rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Liberalism

A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity.

Empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Feminism

A female movement for gender equality.

Suffrage

the right to vote in political elections

End of Serfdom

Most important reform of Russian Czar Alexander II; 1861-1865

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens

Jamaica Letter

A was a document written in Jamaica by South American revolutionary leader Simon Bolivar where he famously expanded his views on thee independence movement in Venezuela and the way the government under the way they tried to operate.

Reign of Terror

This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory

Realpolitik

realistic politics based on the needs of the state

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

factory system

Shift from homemade goods to factory made goods

crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

steam engine

an engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power.

Second Industrial Revolution

Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.

telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Wealth of Nations

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.

Transnational business

a commercial enterprise that operates substantial facilities,and business in more than one country and does not consider any particular country its home.

Industrial Working Class

lower class, horrible working conditions, factory workers

middle class

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Karl Marx

founder of modern communism

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Tanzimat Reforms

A set of reforms in the Ottoman Empire set to revise Ottoman law to help lift the capitulations put on the Ottomans by European powers.

Young Turks

Young rebellious people in the Ottoman Empire who forced the Sultan to reform

Self-Strengthening Movement

late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders

Capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

labor union

An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people