psych (7. mes)

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

ex. monetary incentive for completing a task

a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species. aka instinct theory (which fails to explain a lot of humanistic motives, use evolutionary psychology)

ex. hibernation

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

ex. when we eat when we're hungry, the reduction of hunger and the feeling of satisfaction act as secondary reinforcers, strengthening the habit strength of eating when hungry.

finding the right level of stimulation, aka arousal theory. some motivated behaviors actually increase arousal.

* human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels of arousal.

ex. those who enjoy high arousal are most likely to seek out intense music, novel foods, and risky behaviors → sensation seek

abraham maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher- level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

* not necessarily fixed; hunger strikes for politics

an aroused, motivated state

ex. if your water levels are low, your thirst, or drive to drink, will be aroused

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

ex. satisfy your hunger and reach a desired temperature

hypothalamus keeps homeostasis

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

ex. motivated to do well at school by a rewards system based on your performance

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

ex. when taking an exam, it pays to be moderately aroused—alert but not trembling with nervousness.

need to find meaning and identity beyond the self

need to live up to our fullest and unique potential

need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others

need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and separation

need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe

need to satisfy hunger and thirst

experiences in which the sense of identity or self extends beyond (trans) the individual or personal to encompass wider aspects of humankind, life, psyche or cosmos. * people strive for this

stomach pangs correlating with hunger

* swallowed a balloon to measure stomach contractions and clicked a button whenever he felt a hunger pang

proves

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set.

when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

aka set range

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. when its level is low, we feel hunger.

hunger arousing hormone secreted by empty stomach. appetite

hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose.

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus.

protein hormone secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger.

digestive tract hormone; sends “i’m not hungry” signals to the brain.

body chemistry and environmental factors together influence not only the when of hunger, but also the what—our taste preferences.

teaches us that some foods are acceptable but others are not

dislike of things unfamiliar

ecology of eating, ex. eating with others, unit bias (expected portion size/presentation), food variety

lactose intolerance, pregnancy dislikes, spice usage, etc.

conditioned to overeat, avoid foods, etc.

can be socially toxic, also associated with lower psychological well-being, especially among women, and increased risk of depression

we require less food to maintain our weight than we did to attain it after becoming fat because fat has a lower metabolic rate than does muscle

when an overweight person’s body drops below its previous set (or settling) point, the person’s hunger increases and metabolism decreases.

body adapts to starvation by burning off fewer calories.

people’s weights resemble those of their biological parents, even in adopted family households, identical twins have closely similar weights

inactive people are often overweight. children and adults who suffer from sleep loss are more vulnerable to obesity

people found them most likely to become obese when a friend became obese

we are moving less, ex. in the united states, jobs requiring moderate physical activity declined significantly

we are moving less, eating more, more accomodation for larger sizes, jobs require less physical effort, etc.

conflict arises when choosing between two desirable, but mutually exclusive, options. win-win

ex. two menu items you love, choosing between lasagna and ravioli. pick the most convenient choice, low conflict

conflict occurs when choosing between two undesirable, but mutually exclusive, options. no-win, pick between the "lesser of two evils."

ex. doing chores, like washing dishes and scrubbing floor to get something you want. tend to procrastinate, waiting for another choice, high conflict

conflict occurs when a single/one event or goal has both desirable and undesirable consequences.

ex. new job offer, its more money but its a longer commute. tend to avoid until a decision has to be made, major source of conflict

conflict occurs when you choose between two options that have both desirable and undesirable consequences and are mutually exclusive.

ex. college

- option 1: in state, friends, but too close and doesn’t have major

- option 2: has major, prestigious, but expensive

choice is between two approach / avoidance conflicts, highest level of conflict.

a response of the whole organism, involving

(1) physiological arousal,

(2) expressive behaviors, and

(3) conscious experience.

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. arousal comes before emotion

ex. winning a race, first notice racing heart, then emotions

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and the (2) subjective experience of emotion.

ex. my heart began pounding, experiencing fear. the emotion triggering stimulus causes arousal. at the same time, awareness of emotion.

* pounding heart did not cause my feeling of fear, nor did my feeling of fear cause my pounding heart.

the schachter-singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

ex. as you observe others, you begin to feel your heart race, your body flush, and your breathing become more rapid. catching others’ emotions. arousal fuels emotion; cognition channels it.

some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal. ledoux’s “low road”, neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex.

ex. we automatically feel startled by a sound in the forest before labeling it as a threat.

cognitive appraisal (“is it dangerous or not?”)— sometimes without our awareness—defines emotion.

ex. the sound is “just the wind.”

arousal spills over from one event to the next.

ex. imagine arriving home after an invigorating run and finding a message that you got a longed-for job. or socially, crying because someone else is crying

in a crisis

- stress: the sympathetic division of your autonomic nervous system (ans) directs your adrenal glands to release the stress hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

- more energy: your liver pours extra sugar into your bloodstream. To help burn the sugar

- respiration: increases to supply needed oxygen.Your heart rate and blood pressure increase.

- digestion: slows, diverting blood from your internal organs to your muscles. with blood sugar driven into the large muscles, running becomes easier.

- other: pupils dilate, letting in more light. to cool your stirred-up body, you perspire. if wounded, your blood would clot more quickly

ex. graduating from high school, leaving home for college, losing a job, having a loved one die, marriage, etc. experiencing a cluster of crises puts one even more at risk.

selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

alarm: activation of sympathetic nervous system, heart rate quickens, blood diverted to skeletal muscle

resistance: high temperature, blood pressure, and respiration

exhaustion: vulnerability to illnesses

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

stress can be adaptive (run away, safe), or maladaptive (worsen).

* sympathetic system prepares flight or flight

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).

literally “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health. brain regulates the secretion of stress hormones which suppresses disease-fighting lymphocytes

stressed people are more vulnerable to colds and viruses, stress creates a competing energy need and your stress responses divert energy from our immune system to other systems

lymphocytes: the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system

form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections;

form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.

a large white blood cell, its job is to locate microscopic foreign bodies and “eat” them. macrophages use the process of phagocytosis to engulf particles and then digest them. ingest harmful invaders and worn out cells

* some macrophages roam the body and some stay in one particular area.

a nonspecific defensive cell that attacks tumor cells and destroys infected body cells, especially those harboring viruses.

friedman and rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

* think “a” → aggressive, angry

friedman and rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.

stress hormones protect body and promote adaptation (acute stressors)

chronic stress that wears down the body

significant life changes and daily hassles

1) psychic numbness -> shock/confusion

2) automatic action -> little awareness, memory/recall, a blur

3) communal effort -> working together w/ little plannong

4) letdown -> realizing the scale of catastrophy

5) recovery -> survivors adapt after changes

1) initiation of arousal

2) protective behavioral reaction (fight or flight)

3) internal response of the autonomic nervous system

4) decrease in the effectiveness of the immune system

hypothalamus links nervous system to endocrine system and controls stress hormones → corticotropin in blood stream → triggers adrenal glands → cortisol released → produce stored energy from fats and sugars

brain production of new cells slows and some neural cells degenerate.

telomeres at the end of chromosomes shorten ultimately not allowing cells to divide and then die quickening the aging process.

body’s response to a threat, immune system sends out cytokines to attack.

cytokines are good but when stress is chronic they get habituated, starts to cause harm.