Unit 1: Scientific Foundations

Father of psychology, known for developing the theory of structuralism

Published "The Principles of Psychology" and developed functionalism

First woman to become president of the American Psychological Association, studied with William James

First woman to earn a PhD in psychology, second woman president of the APA

First president of the APA, studied child development

Gestalt psychologist against dividing human thought into discrete structures

Developed psychoanalytic theory focusing on the unconscious mind

Founder of behaviorism, studying behavior and its causes

Expanded behaviorism with reinforcement theory

Developed classical conditioning

Founder of humanistic psychology emphasizing human choice in behavior

Humanistic psychologist advancing personality theory

Proposed theory of cognitive development in children

Examines consciousness through individual parts

Considers the whole picture, not just individual parts

Studies the whole consciousness

Approach that integrates insights from various perspectives

Focuses on the unconscious mind and repressed memories

Explains behavior through biological processes

Examines behavior in terms of natural selection

Studies behavior in terms of conditioning

Focuses on interpreting, processing, and remembering events

Considers social and cultural influences on behavior

Considers biological, social, and psychological factors in behavior

Belief that events were predictable after they occurred

Tendency to focus on information supporting existing beliefs

Practical research with real-world applications

Research for knowledge's sake, not immediate application

Proposed explanation for a phenomenon

Testable prediction about the relationship between variables

Defines how a variable will be measured

Validity ensures results answer the research question, reliability ensures consistent results

Group being studied

Subset of the population

Each person in the population has an equal chance of selection

Divides the population into groups for random selection

Assigning participants to groups randomly

Altered behavior due to awareness of being observed

Technique to eliminate outside variables' effects

Examines the relationship between variables

Research method using questionnaires or interviews

Observing behaviors in real-world settings

In-depth study of individuals or small groups

Observing participants over an extended period

Comparing different groups at the same time

Data with a tail to the right

Data with a tail to the left

Participants unaware of their group

Both participants and researchers unaware of group assignments

Used when controlled experiments are impossible or unethical

Bell-shaped curve showing data distribution

Statistic indicating a score's position relative to the mean

Strength of a correlation between variables

Applying sample findings to a larger population

Probability that sampling error is due to chance

Ensures ethical research and participant protection

Participants understand and agree to study objectives

Explaining study goals and procedures to participants