Unit 1 AP Bio II

CHONS

Monomer: Amino Acid

Bond: Peptide Bond (b/t Carboxyl group and Amino)

Part of proteins

Bond: Peptide between amino acids

Structure: String of amino acids

Bond: Hydrogen bonds between the backbone

Structure: Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

Bond: Any bond between R-groups (hydrogen, covalent, ionic...)

Structure: The final 3D structure of proteins

Bond: Any bond between R-groups of different polypeptide chains

Hydrophillic : Exterior

Hydrophobic : Interior

Charged : Exterior

CHO

Monomer: Monosaccharides (ex. glucose, fructose, galactose)

Bonds: Glycosidic Linkage (bond between monosaccharides) (ex. Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose)

Two monosaccharides

Cellulose -> Found in plant cell walls

Chitin -> Fungi cell walls and exoskeleton of arthopods

Starch -> Found in plants

Glycogen -> Found in animals

CHONP

Monomer: Nucleotide

Bond: Phosphodiester bond between phosphate and hydroxyl

Directionality: 5' -> 3' ; antiparallel (You can remember this by P(Phosphate at 5') OOH(Hydroxyl Group at 3'))

Purine: Double ring, A & G (You can remember this by Pure Silver because the elemental symbol for silver is A&G)

Pyrimidine: Single ring, includes C, U, T (You can remember this by CUT the pyramid, they both have ys)

Base Pairing: A&T -> 2 H bonds

Base Pairing: C&G -> 3 H bonds

(You can remember A&T because there is two lines needed to make a T for thymine, you can remember C&G because C is the third letter of the alphabet)

CHO(P), phospholipids only have phosphorous

Contains no monomer because there is no repeating structure

All lipids are nonpolar (except Phospholipids which are amphipathic)

Fats, Phospholipids, Steroids (You can remember this by SPF like sunscreen)

All single bonds, each carbon is SATURATED by a hydrogen

Lipids

At least one double bond, not all carbons are SATURATED by hydrogen

Lipids

Head: Polar (hydrophilic) at one end

Tail: Nonpolar (hydrophobic) at the other.

Amphipathic by itself (polar and nonpolar region)

Function: important structural component of cell membranes

Four infused rings

Lipid