unit 8 apwh

A proxy war involving the US and the Soviet Union over their influences of their individual economic ideologies.

US - Democratic Capitalism V.S Soviet Union - Communism.

Many alliances, manipulation, and aids were made to gain their influence.

Term coined by Winston Churchill in 1946, it symbolized ideological divide between Eastern and Western Europe.

The Soviet Union fought a war in Afghanistan which drained their economy— escalating the loss as costs increased. With such a weak state, the Berlin Wall came down and many Communist regimes dissolved.

WWII weakened many Western powers, which allowed Asian and African colonies to break away. Their independences were motivated with self-determination, and some for communist reforms.

There were many communist rebels in Turkey and Greece, which sparked the U.S.’s mission to aid countries in risk of communism.

Also may have marked the beginning of the Cold War.

Free elections were to be held in Eastern European states independently, however Stalin proceeds to provoke communist groups to attack.

Stalin blocked off Berlin and stranded their tributary states in response to the merge of Germany.

U.S. would provide economic assistance to restore the economic infrastructure of postwar Europe.

1. Rebuild war-torn regions

2. Remove trade barriers

3. Remodel industry

4. Restrict communism.

First peacetime military alliance against communism.

A defense treaty established by the Soviet Union with Albania, Bulgaria, Czechslovakia, Poland, etc.

Communist leader Mao Zedong declared the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), meanwhile there was the Nationalist Party/Kuomintang (KMT) founded by Sun Yad-sen. At first Sun was in control, but eventually the CCP wins.

Five-Year Plans, Great Leap Forward, and Cultural Revolution.

Small scale industrialization through the use of peasants’ production of industrial instead of factories. Peasants would produce grains in large scales that was exhausting to achieve for the Soviet Union.

With the massive death toll, Mao loses the people’s favor. In attempt to retain his power, he promoted communist propaganda and protests against the traditional way of living in China.

He takes over Mao and establishes mixed socialist policies such as having a free market, or any other capitalist economic feature. Despite this, China remained communist.

People STAYED hungry, and were still denied of their freedoms. Many college students protest against the government at the Tiananmen Square, which received positive feedback from the West, and full military force by Deng.

Independence from France was the goal, but it was difficult achieving it. Led by the National Liberation Front, they eventually break free from France.

Advocates for the political unity and independence of African nations

Ghana was formed after a fusion, and Kwame Nkrumah was who led the campaign for independence from Britain. Once free, he became a one-party dictator advocating Pan-Africanism. He rigged a lot of elections.

Independence from Portugal was the goal, and with the help of the Soviet Union they broke free against the U.S. supported Portugal. The Soviet Union funded the Popular Movement for Liberation of Angola (MPLA), which then founded a socialist regime.

Apart of the Arab League, he had Egypt achieve independence from Britain. A Pan-Arab leader, he blended Islamic and socialist policies in his reign.

Started the Suez Crisis (nationalized the Suez Canal).

War breaks out again over ethnic conflict.

Cuba/USSR - Mbundu

S. Africa - Ovimbundu

U.S. - Bankongo

NONE WON!

Winners of WWII divided Korea into two— Soviet North (NK), and a Democratic South (SK)

N.K. invades S.K. to “unite,” which had U.S. intervention and Soviet aid in response. They remained divided.

43 year dictatorship is ended by the socialist Sandinistas, which only have the Contras attempt to overthrow them. U.S. eventually supports the Contras— peace treaty.

He declared independence from the Dutch colonists, becoming the first president of Indonesia. Nationalist and organized the Badung Conference.

Solomonic Dynasty is overthrown, and a new Marxist-Lennist regime is formed. It failed economically, and Mariam was who conducted the Ethiopian Red Terror (to opponents). Cuba and Soviet Union gave aid.

India had many Sikhs, Muslims, and Hindus within their freshly independent state. Pakistan eventually separates from India (Muslim majority) thanks to Muhammad Ali Jinah (Muslim League).

Communist Vietnamese nationalist leader in French Vietnam who broke free from France with the Soviet Union’s and China’s help, meanwhile U.S. helped S. Vietnam and France

North - Communist (Hanoi)

South - Democratic (Saigon)

The shah (king) attempted to modernize Iran (forcibly) through allowing gender equality, social welfare, etc. It all backfired however, as the majority of peasants opposed these reforms and didn’t get anything.

Quebec independence was the goal from Canada, between French and English Canada.

Biafra Civil War features the westernized tribe of Igbo trying to separate from the northern-dominated government and their targeted attacks. Dual legal system is made as a result.

First female prime minister with socialist reforms such as land reforms.

He set many socialistic political and economic policies in Tanzania, such as free education, collective farming, etc. Poverty was still high.

Khmer Rouge (Communist Party) emerges after the release from France, led by Pol Pot. Cambodia is now communist, and a massive genocide occurs to “socially engineer” a better society in killing fields. Vietnam kicks Pol Pot out, which starts a constitutional monarchy.

Once leader of India, she implemented many great economic reforms that lifted inflation and helped increase production. Also, she won against Pakistan with the USSR help.

Dictator after socialist government of Salvador Allende, he ruled by military junta. MEEAAANNNN.

The general and leader of the Nationalists (fascist) party who won in the Spanish Civil War. He was brutal as a dictator, sending many to labor camps to their death.

A nationalist, bipolar military officer whose regime was known for its brutality.

Communist Party in Peru that destroyed Peru’s government and replaced it with a radical communist version.

Pan-Islamist terrorist group by Osama bin Laden.

After WWI, Balkan states like Bosnia and Croatia fused, founding Yugoslavia. A socialist republic with Soviet Union aid.

Eventually broke apart due to ethnic tensions.

Conflicting parties of Albanian Muslims and Slavic Christians. An attempted ethnic cleanse of the Albanians.

Between Sukarno, Nehru, Nasser and Tito, they aimed to function alone and away from the Cold War’s influences. The Third World.

Prime Minister of India that adopted a socialist economy - focusing on domestic industrial production. May have piggy banked on the explosive growth happening globally or as its own.

Both adopted Reaganomics - cut taxes and regulation = high earners will be able to save money.

When the U.S. finds out about the Soviet secretly holding nuclear missiles to counteract the previous U.S. nuclear missiles in Italy and Turkey— tensions of a nuclear war emerged.

The U.S. implements a naval blockade to Cuba, which was seen as an act of war. The Soviets argued against this, only intensifying the potential of a nuclear war.

oh my gosh.

Attorney General Robert Kennedy met with Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin, who both negotiated to remove all of their missiles.

The U.S. attempts to overthrow the new communist government in Cuba. Castro found out about it before it occurred.

The nonviolent resistance strategy developed by Mahatma Gandhi.

Economic policies introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union in the 1980s. Focusing on increased openness and transparency, Perestroika aimed at restructuring the economy and political system.