AP Bio: Unit 3

Biological catalysts

Substance that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed.

Region on an enzyme where the substrate binds.

Reactant that binds to the active site of an enzyme.

Change in enzyme structure due to unfavorable conditions

Molecule that competes with substrate for the active site of an enzyme.

Molecule that binds to a different site on the enzyme

Inorganic molecules that enhance enzyme efficiency.

Organic molecules that enhance enzyme efficiency.

Energy needed to start a chemical reaction by reaching the transition state.

Reaction where products have higher free energy than reactants.

Reaction where products have lower free energy than reactants.

Biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy

Lower than without enzyme due to enzyme catalysis

Higher than with enzyme

Pairing exergonic with endergonic reactions for energy transfer

Process converting light energy to chemical energy in plants

Organisms producing organic molecules using light energy

Light-independent reactions in photosynthesis producing sugars

Loss of electrons or increase in oxidation state

Gain of electrons or decrease in oxidation state

A discrete packet of light energy

Light-independent reactions in photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide

Water

Reactions in photosynthesis that require light energy

Oxygen

An electron carrier in photosynthesis

Adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate

Adenosine triphosphate

Reduced form of NADP+

Light-independent reactions that produce sugars

Carbohydrates produced in photosynthesis

Mnemonic device to remember oxidation and reduction

Particle of light involved in photosynthesis

System in photosynthesis that captures light energy

Enzyme adding carbon dioxide to RuBP in Calvin cycle

Three-carbon molecule produced in Calvin cycle

Process to regenerate the five-carbon RuBP in Calvin cycle

Process releasing energy from organic molecules to drive life processes

Organisms performing glycolysis and fermentation without oxygen

Organisms performing glycolysis

Cellular process occurring in the cytosol

Process following glycolysis

Citric acid cycle producing energy in cellular respiration

Process generating ATP in cellular respiration using electron transport chain

Process producing ATP without oxygen

Electron carrier that gets reduced to NADH during glycolysis and oxidation of pyruvate

Three-carbon molecule resulting from the cleavage of glucose in glycolysis

Molecule that attaches to acetyl group to form acetyl CoA for entry into the Krebs cycle

Electron carrier reduced to FADH2 in the Krebs cycle

Direct addition of a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP without electron transport chain involvement

ATP production method using electron transport chain and chemiosmosis to generate larger amounts of ATP

Innermost compartment of mitochondria where the Krebs cycle occurs

Two-carbon molecule formed from pyruvate oxidation

All six carbons from glucose are released as CO2 in cellular respiration

Direct synthesis of ATP during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

Series of protein complexes transferring electrons to generate a proton gradient

Process using a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis via ATP synthase

High-energy electron carrier producing 3 ATP in oxidative phosphorylation

High-energy electron carrier producing 2 ATP in oxidative phosphorylation

Enzyme catalyzing ATP production using a proton gradient

Conversion of pyruvate to ethanol and CO2

Conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid