AP Bio: Unit 6

Carriers of genetic information in living organisms

Organisms that package DNA into circular chromosomes in the nucleoid

Organisms that package DNA into linear chromosomes in the nucleus

Small

Genetic material found in plasmids outside the nucleus

Consist of a nitrogenous base

Nitrogenous bases with a two-ringed structure (adenine and guanine)

Nitrogenous bases with a one-ringed structure (cytosine

In DNA: A-T

Five-carbon sugar in DNA with a hydrogen at the 2' carbon

Five-carbon sugar in RNA with a hydroxyl group at the 2' carbon

Each new double helix contains one original and one newly synthesized strand

Enzyme that unwinds DNA strands at the origin of replication

Enzyme that relieves supercoiling by making nicks in DNA backbone

Enzyme adding nucleotides in 5' to 3' direction

DNA strands oriented in opposite directions

Continuous DNA synthesis in 5' to 3' direction

Discontinuous DNA synthesis in short fragments

Enzyme connecting DNA fragments via phosphodiester bond

DNA replication conserves one original and one new strand

Enzyme transcribing DNA into RNA molecules

Process copying DNA into RNA by RNA polymerase

Process converting mRNA into proteins by ribosomes

Noncoding DNA sequence binding RNA polymerase to start transcription

Three-base pair sequences on mRNA specifying amino acids

Also known as the 'minus strand' or antisense strand in DNA.

Initial mRNA transcript in eukaryotic cells before modifications.

Noncoding RNA sequences in eukaryotic pre-mRNAs.

Coding sequences of eukaryotic RNAs.

Structures removing introns and joining exons in pre-mRNA.

Added to mRNA to protect ends and aid in translation initiation.

String of adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end of pre-mRNA.

Process generating multiple RNA transcripts from one gene.

Pre-mRNA after modifications

Cellular structures where translation of mRNA occurs.

Start of translation process with rRNA pairing with start codon.

Continuation of polypeptide formation during translation.

End of translation process releasing the polypeptide chain.

Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid

Mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence

Shared genetic code among organisms as evidence

Provides correspondence between codons and amino acids

Messenger RNA carries genetic information for translation

Part of ribosome where translation initiation occurs

Sequences that code for specific amino acids

Start of protein synthesis on ribosome

Chemical bond between amino acids in a protein

Process of adding amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain

End of translation when a stop codon is reached

Proteins that trigger ribosome disassembly at stop codons

Enzyme in retroviruses that makes DNA from RNA

Proteins that control gene expression by binding to specific nucleotide sequences

Nucleotide sequences where regulatory proteins bind to control gene expression

Changes in the genome that can impact gene expression

Cluster of genes with a common function controlled by a common promoter

Noncoding sequence binding repressor proteins to regulate transcription

Coding sequences containing genetic information for operon function

Operons activated by inducer molecules to perform specific functions

Operons that are normally active but can be inhibited by excess product

Operons involved in breaking down molecules for energy

Molecule that binds to a repressor to inhibit transcription

Molecule whose interaction with CAP can upregulate gene expression

Protein that binds cAMP to stimulate transcription near the promoter

Protein that binds to tryptophan before binding to the operator

Amino acid that binds to trp repressor

RNA polymerase that transcribes the operon

Molecule that binds to repressor

Binding sites for RNA polymerase in eukaryotic gene regulation

Regulatory switches where activator proteins bind in eukaryotes

Regulatory switches where repressor proteins bind in eukaryotes

Reversible modifications to DNA affecting gene expression in eukaryotes

Family of genes that code for transcription factors

Hox gene controlling leg formation in Drosophila

Observable traits resulting from gene expression

Process where beneficial traits are favored for survival

Condition with an incorrect number of chromosomes

Genetic disorder with XXY sex chromosomes

Genetic disorder with an extra copy of chromosome 21

Organisms with an entire extra set of chromosomes

Transfer of genetic information between same-generation members

Uptake of foreign DNA by a cell

DNA transmission between organisms by viruses

DNA transmission through cell-to-cell contact

Movement of DNA between or within chromosomes

Introduction of foreign DNA into bacterial cells

DNA recombined from different source organisms

Enzymes cutting DNA at specific sequences

Enzymes connecting DNA fragments

Plasmids with selectable markers and desired gene

Separates DNA fragments by size and charge

Matrix for DNA migration in gel electrophoresis

Amplifies specific DNA fragments

Separates DNA strands in PCR

Hydrogen bonding of primers in PCR

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides in PCR

System editing DNA sequences using guide RNA

Disabling a gene's function using CRISPR

Determining the order of nucleotides in DNA

Viruses infecting bacteria

Directs Cas9 to cut at specific DNA sequences