AP Euro Unit 7

The Industrial Revolution (1700 - 1850)

a. Revolution b. United Kingdom c. This Revolution introduced new and better forms of transportation, technology, factories, and overall efficiency of production. It drastically shaped demographics since many British people moved from rural to urban areas to find work.

Domestic System

a. system b. Britain c. In this system merchant-employers provided raw materials to rural producers, who were supposed to work in their own home workrooms or sometimes in workshops. This system allowed England to have already a great capital, helping to achieve the actual revolution.

Agricultural Revolution

a. Revolution b. Britain c. This revolution tripled food production per acre. Instead of allowing fields to lay fallow, the rotation of crops was introduced. This led to a great population growth in the second half of the eighteenth century and to the enclosure of the common lands and many other ones in order to allow sheep grazing. Therefore a huge mass of people moved from the countryside to the cities, forming a great line of potential factory workers, since they were all looking for new jobs. In this way the agricultural revolution had helped to conquest the industrial revolution, which began not by change right in Great Britain.

James Hargreaves' "Spinning Jenny"

a. Machine b. Britain c. This machine was a spinning wheel with multiple spools. It allowed for one worker to produce a significant amount of yarn since one worker was able to work eight spools at once.

James Watt's "Steam Engine"

a. machine b. Britain c. This was a fundamental machine of the First Industrial Revolution. It spun and wove cotton and was powered by coal, therefore it didn't need to be situated near rivers. Moreover, the use of this new machine increased the need of coal, leading to the development of the iron industry.

Smelt Iron

a. process b. Britain c. This is the process of extracting metal from its ore by a process involving heating and melting. Originally, iron was smelted in hot ovens fueled by charcoal, but by eighteenth century England was devoid of forests and charcoal. This process significantly furthered the Industrial Revolution.

Abraham Darby

a. Inventor b. Britain c. This inventor discovered a means of smelting iron using coal. His method significantly furthered the Industrial Revolution.

Zollverein

a. Customs union b. Modern-day Germany c. This customs union between the German states was the first step to the unification of Germany, which was achieved only in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War. This customs unit caused the rapid spread of trade and manufacturing due to the recent transportation development.

Putting-out system

a. Production system b. Western Europe c. Also called the "domestic system," where the merchant employer would provide work by bringing the materials to rural producers that worked in their homes instead of a factory. The putting-out system was to decrease the domestic violence and it ended due to more inventions that helped with widespread production.

Sadler Committee

a. Parliamentary committee b. United Kingdom c. This committee was organized to take a look at the factories unsafe working conditions and the way children were being treated. They were formed due to the poor sanitation, bad water, and overworking of children. They were the first to enforce a limit on how many hours a day a child could work in the factory.

Luddites

a. Secret organization b. Britain c. This was a group of workers led by the fictional Ned Lud that opposed the Industrial Revolution. This group often destroyed manufactured goods and factories.

Cooperative Societies

a. a society b. Europe c. Small associations of workers with similar skills. One example was the Bangor Mechanics' Cooperative Society that established Bangor's first library. These societies also chipped in for widows and funeral expenses. This eventually led to the establishment of unions. Should unions be formed by skill? Or incorporate all workers? Should they ask for radical changes or small improvements?

Karl Marx

a. Philosopher and social scientist b. Germany and the United Kingdom c. The founder of Marxism, he wrote The Communist Manifesto. He believed that the proletariat (industrial working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle class) to usher in an era of shared wealth.

Scientific Socialism

a. Political philosophy b. Europe c. Through this philosophy, Marx intended to do for history what Darwin did for natural history. Marx argued that class conflict, like species, evolve over time. He also argued that the bourgeoisie (middle class) would be overthrown by the proletarian (industrial working class) bringing about a socialist era. This philosophy later became known as Marxism, or Communism.

Friedrich Engels & the Communist League

a. Philosopher and a league b. Europe c. A friend of Karl Marx, this man formed a league to link together far-left German socialists. This league had an incredible influence on German and European politics.

The Communist Manifesto

a. Book b. Germany c. Book written by Karl Marx. Marx suggested that the proletariat, or the working class, would overthrow the bourgeoisie, the middle class, in what is known as Marxism. He said that this was inevitable, but also that the proletariat should organize and overthrow it. Marx also talked about how class struggles had continually happened for centuries in all societies.

The Proletariat

a. A social class b. Europe c. Karl Marx believed this to be the industrial working class. In The Communist Manifesto, Marx wrote that in order to end capitalism, this class must overthrow the middle class bourgeoisie who he believes exploits the working class for profit. Marx believed the first communist revolutions would occur in his native Germany, but they instead originated in Russia.

Das Kapital

a. Book b. Germany c. This is a book written by Karl Marx. It was a continuation of his ideas of Marxism, but unlike his prior book, The Communist Manifesto, this book was incredibly dense and hard to understand.

The First International

a. Political gathering b. London, United Kingdom c. This was a gathering of far-left political activists organized by Karl Marx. Marx was a tireless organizer, he believed that the working class had to constantly prepare for the upcoming struggle by organizing socialist parties. The First International, for any of those that sought to "protect, advance, and complete emancipation of the working classes." Trade Unionists, Italian nationalists, Marxists, and Anarchists.

The Second International

a. Political gathering b. Paris c. This was the second of two meetings of far-left political activists in Europe. This second association was on the hundredth anniversary of the French Revolution.

The Crimean War

a. War b. Crimea c. This war began when Russia precipitated a crisis with the Ottomans over the protection of the Orthodox Christians in the Holy Lands. The western powers were worried about an over-expanding Russia and about the decline of the Ottoman Empire. Russia was defeated in the war and the Ottoman Empire was propped up by European powers. Russia's defeat also gave Italy and Germany freedom to become independent countries.

Florence Nightingale

a. Founder of the Red Cross b. United Kingdom and Crimea c. She was inspired by the filthy field hospital conditions, in which half of all patients died. She revolutionized the nursing profession and helped to establish the Red Cross.

Sevastapol

a. City b. Ukraine c. This was once a Russian port on the Black Sea. The fall of this city during the Crimean War brought an end to the war. Russia had to cede some territories, and accepted a ban on their warships in the Black Sea.

Concert of Europe

a. Political association b. Europe c. Following the defeat of Napoleon, this political association of the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, France, and Prussia sought to repress nationalism throughout Europe. This group came to an end with the Crimean War in which Russia fought the United Kingdom and France.

Pope Pius IX

a. Pope b. Rome, Italy c. In the mid-nineteenth century, this pope issued the "Syllabus of Errors," which listed liberalism as one of the errors of modern life. This pope demonstrated the Vatican's opposition to nationalism, socialism, and liberalism.

Risorgimento

a. movement b. Italy c. This term means "the Resurgence" and pertains to the Italian movement for a unified state in the 1800's. The movement began after the defeat of Napoleon and ended in 1871 when Rome became the capital of a unified Italy.

Count Camillo di Cavour

a. count b. Italy c. He was the chief-minister of the king of Sardinia-Piedmont since 1852 and was a realist, who saw Italian unification just in terms of political and economic growth, opposing to Mazzini, who was a Romantic nationalist. Cavour's idea of a united Kingdom of Italy triumphed over Mazzini's version of an Italian republic.

Giuseppe Mazzini

a. Political leader b. Italy c. This Italian Romantic nationalist organized nationalists after Napoleon's defeat. He strongly favored an Italian Republic and led his "Red Shirt" army in a failed effort to create the republic.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

a. Politician, nobleman b. Italy c. He wanted Italy to be a republic, and fought for its independence and unification. He led his "Red Shirts" to successfully capture Sicily, but his vision of an Italian republic was shattered when the united country became the Kingdom of Italy.

"Young Italy"

a. Political party b. Italy c. Led by Giuseppe Mazzini, this organization dreamed of creating a united Italy. Mazzini believed that unification could be achieved by inspiring insurrection throughout the Italian peninsula and in the Austrian Empire.

"Red Shirts"

a. Volunteer army b. Italy c. Volunteer army led by Giuseppe Garibaldi that attacked Sicily and overthrew the incompetent Bourbon family in the hopes of establishing a united Italian republic. This dream was crushed when a united Italy became the Kingdom of Italy.

Victor Emmanuel

a. King b. Italy c. Originally the King of Sardinia, he led military expeditions against Austria to bring about a united Italy. After Camillo di Cavour moves Sardinian troops into the Papal States, he was declared as the first King of Italy (March 17, 1861).

Otto von Bismarck

a. politician b. Germany c. This German politician is considered one of the greatest statesmen of the nineteenth century. Hailing from Prussia, he brought about wars with Austria, Denmark, and France that led to the German-speaking states creating a unified Germany in 1871.

"Blood and Iron" Speech

a. Speech b. Prussia c. This was a speech in which Otto von Bismarck declared that "Prussia's power is not determined by speeches and resolutions, but by blood and iron." This speech demonstrates the incredible importance of the military over the Prussian state.

The Danish War

a. War b. Denmark c. This was a war with Prussia and Austria fighting Denmark over the state of Schleswig-Holstein. The Prussians and Austrians easily won the war but later these two fought a war over the administration of the newly gained territory. This was the first of three wars orchestrated by Bismarck that led to the creation of an independent Germany.

The Austro-Prussian War

a. War b. Austria c. Following the defeat of Denmark, Prussia and Austria jointly administered the province of Schleswig-Holstein. Austria complained that Prussia dominated the province and, thus, declared war on Prussia. Prussia beat Austria quickly and ended the dream of a grossedeutsche, or a united Germany that included Austria.

The Franco-Prussian War

a. War b. France c. A war between Prussia and France that lasted from 1870 to 1871. France was defeated in this war, and Prussia's victory led to the unification of Germany, which was announced at the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.

Ems Dispatch

a. Telegram b. France/Prussia c. A telegram sent by Prussian king to Otto von Bismarck informing of what transpired between the King and a French ambassador. Bismarck edited the dispatch to make it seem as if the King had insulted France. France, under Napoleon III, declared war. France defeated in a matter of months in a struggle that was known as the Franco-Prussian War.

Kulturkampf

a. conflict b. Germany c. This term is translated to mean "cultural struggle." It was the conflict between the German government and the Catholic Church that followed the unification of Germany. The German state, led by Otto von Bismarck, attempted to secularize school and limit the authority of the Catholic Church, especially in southern Germany. Bismarck lost this struggle.

Socialists

a. Political party b. Germany c. This was a major political party and a significant threat to the power of German chancellor Otto von Bismarck. Bismarck undercut the Socialists by establishing the first old-age pensions in world history so that he could have a freer hand in issues of foreign affairs.

The Second French Empire

a. Empire b. France c. Led by Napoleon III, this empire was established in 1852 and fell in 1870 following France's defeat at the hands of Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War. During this period of government, Paris was radically redesigned and Napoleon III promised a "Liberal Empire" in which the legislature had greater authority.

Napoleon III

a. Emperor b. France c. He served as president during the Second French Republic, until he overthrew it and became the emperor of the Second French Empire. He declared war on Otto van Bismarck and Prussia, but lost in the Franco-Prussian War. He promised a "Liberal Empire" in France in which the legislature was given greater authority.

Georges Haussmann

a. Architect, designer, engineer b. France c. During the Second French Empire, this architect cleared the medieval design of Paris and created the grand avenues of France, such as the Champs-Élysées. His redesign of Paris helped to improve transportation in the city, but it also made it far more difficult for revolutionaries to build barricades in the streets.

"Liberal Empire"

a. Political idea b. France c. During the Second French Empire, Emperor Napoleon III faced significant resistance due to France's involvement in the Crimean War and in Italy. In response, he promised to expand the power of the legislature and make the Empire into a constitutional monarchy. These reforms only served to embolden liberal reformers who wanted further reform.

The French Third Republic

a. A government b. France c. This form of French government followed the Second French Empire's collapse in the Franco-Prussian War. This is the longest-lasting French government although it faced incredibly difficult challenges such as the Boulanger Affair and the Dreyfus Affair.

Great Exhibition of 1851

a. Exhibition b. United Kingdom c. This exhibition in the United Kingdom boasted 13,000 exhibitors displaying the variety of goods available to Britain as a result of industrialization. It demonstrated the stability and prosperity of nineteenth-century Britain.

Crystal Palace

a. Former landmark b. United Kingdom c. This former landmark held the Great Exhibition of 1851. It was the first prefabricated building to be constructed and demonstrated the stability and prosperity of nineteenth-century Britain.

The Great Reform Bill of 1832

a. Bill b. United Kingdom c. One of the first steps to expand the franchise in Britain. This bill gave greater representation to urban areas and expanded the right to vote for more men.

Benjamin Disraeli

a. Prime Minister b. United Kingdom c. This British Prime Minister was born into a Jewish family, but was baptized as an Anglican. As the leader for the Conservative Party, he actually championed the great Second Reform Bill which extended the vote to all British men.

The Second Reform Bill

a. Bill b. United Kingdom c. This bill from 1867, championed by Benjamin Disraeli of the Conservative Party, extended suffrage to nearly all British men. Disraeli believed that the Conservative Party would experience greater support for the Bill, but the extension of suffrage only aided the Liberal Party.

William Gladstone

a. Prime Minister b. United Kingdom c. This British Prime Minister was the leader of the Liberal Party, which thrived after the passage of the Second Reform Bill extended suffrage to most British men. He was one of the first politicians to embrace mass politics, especially through his train stop tours of Britain. Additionally, he also brought about mass public education in Britain that was modeled on the militaristic Prussian model of education.

Queen Victoria

a. Queen b. United Kingdom c. This queen reigned over the United Kingdom and its vast empire from 1837 to 1901. Her extensive reign caused this era of British history to be named after her. Although she ruled as a constitutional monarch, she continued to see her power dissipate over her reign.

Alexander II of Russia

a. Czar b. Russia c. This czar of Russia issued a proclamation to free the serfs, although the serfs had to pay for their own freedom and often could not afford to purchase arable land. Additionally, this czar introduce the system of local assemblies known as zemstvos in Russia. He was assassinated by a terrorist organization known as the "People's Will."

Zemstvos

a. assemblies b. Russia c. Although Russia was an absolute monarchy in the nineteenth century, the country was simply too large for one monarch to rule absolutely. Thus, Czar Alexander II introduced these local assemblies without had significant control over education and social services.

People's Will

a. Terrorist organization b. Russia c. This terrorist organization aimed to bring about a revolution in Russia and overthrow the czar. They were responsible for the assassination of Czar Alexander II in 1881.

Francis Joseph

a. Austro-Hungarian Empire b. Emperor c. He ruled over the Austro-Hungarian Empire from the Revolutions of 1848 until his death during World War II. He oversaw the dissolution of a multiethnic, multinational empire in the nineteenth century as it faced significant challenges from ethnic and nationalist fervor that swept the continent.

Sultan Abdul Hamid II

a. Sultan b. Ottoman Empire c. Brutal emperor that scrapped the constitution, repressed dissent, and organized a genocide against the Armenians. He was eventually thrown out of power by the Young Turks.

Russo-Turkish War

a. War b. Ottoman Empire c. This war, which was fought from 1877-1878, began with Russian hopes to regain lost territory during the Crimean War and prey on the weakness of the declining Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans were defeated in this war and Romania, Montenegro, and Serbia gained their independence with the resulting Congress of Berlin in 1878.

Congress of Berlin (1871)

a. Congress b. Berlin c. This congress, or gathering of European nations, occurred at the end of the Russo-Turkish War. As a result of losing the war, the Ottomans lost Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, and Bulgaria, all of which gained their independence.

Sultan Abdul Mejid

a. Sultan b. Ottoman Empire c. He ruled over the Ottoman Empire which at that time was known as the "Sick Man of Europe." As the sultan, he attempted to westernize the army, and also created freedom of religion and equality before the law.

Young Turks

a. Political organization b. Ottoman Empire c. The introduction of western ideas into the Ottoman Empire played a role in the creation of young intellectuals group. In 1876, this political organization actually transformed the Ottoman Empire into a constitutional monarchy.