Creator’s Note (5/15/24): HEY EVERYONE IF UR STILL READING!! I hope the exam went well! Pray for 3’s, 4’s, and 5’s!! I’m so so sorry for the inconvenience I am not sure where everything went, but I will try to recover what I can and go forth from there. I hope for future APWH students to utilize my guide for next May. Thanks for reading my guide, happy studying ❤

UNIT 1: THE GLOBAL TAPESTRY (1200-1450)

Developments in East Asia (1.1)

How the Song Dynasty maintained and justified its power

• Confucianism: Song rulers revived Confucianism, emphasizing hierarchical relationships in society and the practice of filial piety.

  • Confucianism DEFINITION: A philosophy that taught human society is hierarchical by nature, society was composed of unequal relationships. (ex: father > sons, husbands > wife’s, rulers > subjects)

  • Filial piety: practice of honoring one’s ancestors and parents

  • Neo-Confucianism: influence of Buddhist and Daoist philosophical ideas

    • Note: the revival of Confucianism is historical continuity between ancient China and the Song, also demonstrates innovation

• Imperial bureaucracy: The Song Dynasty relied on a large bureaucracy to ensure obedience to the emperor’s rule, with positions awarded based on merit through civil service examinations.

Extra: Women in the Song Dynasty

• subordinate position in the hierarchy - forbidden to remarry if divorced

  • FOOT BINDING: women had trouble walking, made foot smaller than it started (more seen in elite societies)

Influence on neighboring states

• Korea: Maintained a tributary relationship with China, adopting aspects of Chinese culture (elite members), including Confucian principles and a similar civil service examination system.

• Japan: Voluntarily adopted cultural traits from China, such as the imperial bureaucracy and Buddhism.

  • basically used whatever they found useful in Chinese society and politics.

• Vietnam: Also maintained a tributary relationship with China, adopting Confucianism, Buddhism, and the civil service examination system, while women had a higher status compared to China.

Role of Buddhism in Chinese Society

• Buddhism spread to China, with different branches emerging, including Mahayana Buddhism and Theravada Buddhism.

  • Theravada: original form, restricted to monks only for a select few

  • Mahayana: Buddhist teachings were available to all, emphasized compassion, made the buddha into an object of devotion

  • Tibetan: emphasized more mystical practices (lying prostrate, elaborate imaginings of deities)

• Buddhism coexisted with Confucianism in Chinese society, with the Song Dynasty emphasizing more traditional Chinese ideas but still acknowledging the significant role of Buddhism.

  • Four Noble Truths: 1) life is suffering, 2) we suffer because we crave, 3) we cease suffering when we cease craving, 4) the eightfold path leads to the cessation of suffering and craving

  • Eightfold path: principles and practices that a Buddhist must follow (moral lifestyle + practice of meditation)

Song Economy and Prosperity

• 1) Widespread commercialization: China produced excess goods and sold them on the world market, utilizing paper money and credit practices.

• 2) Iron and steel production: Both large-scale manufacturers and home-based artisans contributed to the production of iron and steel, used for warfare, trading, taxation, and agriculture.

• 3) Agricultural innovations: Introduction of Champa rice, a drought-resistant and high-yield crop, led to a population explosion and increased agricultural output.

• 4) Transportations innovations: Expansion of the Grand Canal (travel cheaper), improvements in navigation with the magnetic compass, and advancements in shipbuilding techniques (Junks with rudders), facilitated trade and economic prosperity in the Song Dynasty.

Developments in Dar-Al-Islam (1.2)

aka House of Islam!

Three Major Religions

• Judaism (originated in the Middle East)

  • Monotheistic religion practiced by the Jews

  • Influenced the development of Christianity and Islam

• Christianity

  • Established by Jesus Christ, a Jewish Prophet

  • Followers spread the message of salvation by grace

  • Early Christians initially persecuted minority, later adopted by the Roman Empire (most significant influence of Christianity)

  • Influenced the organization of states in Europe and Africa

• Islam

  • Founded by the Prophet Muhammad (7th century, Arabian Peninsula).

  • Taught salvation through righteous actions (almsgiving, prayer, and fasting).

  • Spread rapidly throughout the Middle East, Africa, and Europe.

  • Facilitated trade and led to the rise of prosperous Islamic states.

Rise of New Islamic Empires

• Abbasid Caliphate (8th century): ethnically Arab + in power during Golden Age of Islam (innovations/advancements) → declined → new Islamic empires rose (made up of TURKIC people).

  • Seljuk Empire: Central Asia, pastoral people brought in by the Abbasids as a military force to expand their empire by force → Seljuk warriors claimed more political power.

  • Mamluk Sultanate: Turkic Warriors (Mamluks) seized power in Egypt under the leadership of Saladin (needed more labor) → gave rise to another Turkic Muslim state.

  • Delhi Sultanate: Turkic Muslims established a state in South Asia.

    • NOTE: Continuity in Muslim empire: 1) military in charge of administration, 2) Implemented Sharia Law (code of laws established in the Quran).

Expansion of Islam

• Military Expansion: Delhi Sultanate.

• Merchant Activity (trade): Ex - North Africa ruled by Muslims stimulated trade throughout Africa → Mali converted to Islam.

• Muslim Missionaries (Sufis): Sufism - emphasized mystical experience, and was available to anyone (significant force for the spread of Islam worldwide).

Intellectual Innovations and Transfers

• Mathematics (Nasser): Invented Trigonometry to better understand how planets/stars move through the sky.

• House of Wisdom: Established in Baghdad during the Golden Age of Islam (library to study religion, scholars responsible for preserving philosophy by Plato and Aristotle).

  • Translated them into Arabic and made extensive commentaries, works would’ve been lost forever → translations went to Europe, became the basis for the Renaissance.

UNIT 5: REVOLUTIONS (1750-1900)

The Enlightenment

Definition: An intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding (rationalism/empiricist approaches) to the natural world and human relationships

1. Rationalism: reason > emotion/external authority is the most reliable source of true knowledge

2. Empiricism: true knowledge is gained through the sense (mainly through rigorous experimentation

   1. These ways of thinking developed during the Scientific Revolution in the 16th/17th centuries in Europe -> scientists tossed religious authority away and used reason to see how the world really worked 

   2. They experienced scientific breakthroughs + understood the complexities of the Cosmos, the internal workings of the human body, etc. 

3. The Enlightenment is an extension of the same scientific/rationalistic thinking BUT enlightenment philosophers applied those methods to the study of human society

• Crucial components to the Enlightenment: questioning and reexamination of the role of religion in public life -> Problem with Christianity from philosophers: it was a revealed religion (words by god couldn’t be questioned) 

  • Significant shift of authority: from the scientific revolution from outside a person to inside a person

• NEW BELIEF SYSTEMS 

1. Deism (popular among enlightenment thinkers) -> believed that a God created everything and then left everything until it runs out

2. Atheism (rejection of religious belief/divine beings)

• NEW ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS

  • Political Ideas

1. Individualism: most basic element of society was the individual human and not collective groups

2. Natural Rights: humans are born with certain rights that cannot be infringed upon by govts/entitys 

   1. (John Locke - agreed that human beings were born with natural rights aka life, liberty, and property -> rights given by God meaning rights cannot be taken away by a monarch) 

3. Social contract: societies given natural rights must have govts of their own will to protect their natural rights -> IF that govt becomes a tyrannical turd then the people have the right to overthrow the govt

• EFFECTS OF ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS

1. Major Revolutions: American, French, Haitian, Latin American 

   1. Enlightenment emphasis on the rejection of established traditions and new ideas about how political power ought to work played a role in these revolutions -> revolutions created the conditions for the intensification of nationalism

   2. Nationalism: sense of commonality among people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and linked with a desire for territory

2. Expansion of suffrage (right to vote) 

   1. EX: 1776 - White males with land could only vote -> early 1800s - all white males could vote -> 1870 - black males can vote!

   2. One reason for this expansion: Liberty and equality were revered in America as part of the cultural heritage beginning with the Declaration of Independence

3. Abolition of slavery: enlightenment thinkers criticized slavery -> Britain abolished slavery in 1807 (britain was the wealthiest nation + gained wealth during the Industrial revolution by means of paid labor -> made economic sense) 

   1. Enslaved people contributed with the Great Jamaica Revolt -> played a role in Britain’s decision to abolish slavery

4. End of Serfdom: the transition from agricultural economies to industrial economies, serfs became irrelevant -> peasants revolts persuaded state leaders to end serfdom

5. Calls of Women’s Suffrage (didn’t have voting rights) 

   1. Feminist movements demanded equality of all life 

      1. EX: Olympe De Gouges created the Declaration of the rights of women and the female citizen -> criticized the French Constitution for sidlining women in the birth of post-revolutionary France

      2. In America -> women gathered at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 to call for a constitutional amendment that recognized women’s right to vote

Nationalism and revolution

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Industrial revolution begins

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Spread of industrialization + TEchnology of the Age

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Industrialization: Government’s role + Economic Developments

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Reactions to the Industrialization + The Society

REACTION TO INDUSTRIALIZATION

• Call for reform (Effects of the working class)

  • Workers worked long hours with little pay -> called for reforms

    • Political Reform: Conservatives and liberals in Britain/France incorporated social reforms into their platforms because people who wanted reforms were voting 

    • Social Reform: working class people organized themselves into social societies providing insurance for sickness/social events

    • Educational Reform (1870-1914: European govts passed compulsory education laws to get young children into school): high paying jobs became more technical/specialized + compulsory education prepares children for these kinds of jobs

    • Urban Reforms (urban areas became nasty bc of the growing population): Govts passed laws and invested in sanitation infrastructure like sewers 

• Rise of Labor Unions

Definition (labor union): a collective of workers who join together in order to protect their own interests. 

• Prior to this, labor unions were illegal so all the power was in the hands of capitalists and factory owners -> workers became mad

• Labor unions were eventually used all over the world where they bargained for higher wages, limited working hours, improved working conditions

  • Some union turned into political parties that sought to enact reforms on behalf of the working classes in the highest levels of govt

    • EX: German social democratic party -> advocated for marxist reform in germany (aimed to transform the capitalist system of private ownership of the means of production to social ownership of the means of production 

• Ideological reactions: marxism

- Karl Marx: believed that capitalism was unstable by nature bc it created a class division in industrial societies (upper class having leisure time while the working class kept them wealthy -> would lead to violent revolution of the lower class vs upper class -> classless society) 

- Marx and Friedrich Engels published these ideas in the Communist Manifesto (approach was called Scientific Socialism); Marx argued that the societal changes from the industrial revolution had violently worsened the division between two groups of marxist classification (Bourgeoisie + Proletariat) 

- Bourgeoise: owned the means of production + Proletariat: exploited by the bourgeoisie (rose up to overthrow the bourgeoisie, marked the end of class struggle) 

• China attempts industrialization

  • Qing China (late 18th century): China snubbed British traders -> trade deficit that Britain sought to remedy by importing illegal OPIUM that had negative effects on chinese population

    • Chinese authorities cracked down on illegal trade -> OPIUM WARS 

    • In short, British easily defeated the Chinese forces since they were less modernized -> British forced chinese to sign unequal treaties (Treaty of Nanjing) that opened many trading ports against their will

    • With the defeat and by the end of the century, more industrialized nations took advantage of china’s weakness -> carved it up into various spheres of influence in which they had exclusive trading rights

    • 1860s-1870s: China response -> Self-strengthening movement: series of reforms to take steps toward industrialization while revitalizing chinese culture (full benefits were hindered by chinese conservatives who resisted the developments bc the reforms threatened the power of the landowning class -> turned into a half-hearted program of modernization (put to test in the Sino-Japanese War) 

      • China was defeated and the self-strengthening movement was a failure

• Ottoman industrialization

  • (mid 19th century): Ottomans were known as the sick man of Europe owing to its continued territorial loss to industrial countries + inability to raise tax revenue (like china, the ottomans become subservient to powerful industrial nations bc they weren’t industrialized -> ottomans decided on a defensive industrialization) 

    • Tanzimat Reforms: built textile factories, implemented western style law codes/courts, expansive education systems (all were more divorced from the islamic character of the empire) 

      • The reforms led to a new group seeking widespread political change called the Young Ottomans: desired a european style parliament + a constitutional govt that would limit the power of absolutist sultans -> 1878: sultan accepted a constitution/a parliament 

      • Ottoman reforms were more powerful than China’s BUT not enough that the empire couldn’t fall apart by the 20th century 

THE SOCIETY

• New social classes

  • Industrial working class (workers/miners): rural people who would move to urban areas to look for work -> prior to the industrial revolution most workers possess a skill that their work required

    • EX: farmers were taught how to plow fields and tend to livestock, NOW they did unskilled work since the machines did everything 

    • BENEFITS: wages were higher than the rural places they came from

    • COSTS: dangerous conditions, crowded living conditions in tenements, spread of disease, lots of work

  • Middle class (benefitted the most, includes white collar workers like factory owners/managers, lawyers, doctors, and teachers): Could afford products that improved their life and some in the UPPER middle class could buy their way into aristocracy

  • Industrialists: at the top of the social hierarchy, gained wealth by owning industrial corporations that led them to become powerful than the traditional aristocracy 

• Women and industrialization

  • Working class women: worked jobs in factories since their husbands wages were not sufficient to sustain a family (if they were married) 

  • Middle class women: they did not work bc the husbands earned the money (homemakers -> create a good environment for the husband and children) 

• Challenges in industrialization

note: Rapid pace of industrialization meant that industrial cities grew too quick for their infrastructure to keep up

• Industrial problems

  • Pollution: coal smoke from factories created a toxic fog + water polluted too

  • Housing shortages: More ppl in cities than there were places for them to live in tenements (some families lived in apartments together, sanitation was non-existent) -> created a rapid spread of disease (typhoid and cholera), killed many in the working class

  • Increased crime: poor/working class ppl were in urban areas -> rise in thefts to survive + violent crime, associated with higher levels of alcohol consumption 

UNIT 9: GLOBALIZATION (1900-PRESENT)

Technologies that made Globalization Possible

Definition (Globalization): trade and technology created a politically, economically, and socially interconnected world

note: These technologies transformed the world by increasing lifespans, making energy more accessible, and further connecting the world into a globalized economy

• Communication Technology

  • 

  • These technologies goal was to solve the problem of geographical distance

    • Radio: Allowed to hear the voices of the ppl delivering the info to them + eliminated the filter between the speaker and the listener

      • EX: President Roosevelt utilized this to give broadcasts during the Great Depression to update them on the New Deal policies

    • Television: Dominant form of mass communication and entertainment + with news broadcasts around the world, people felt connected to other geographical places

    • Cellular: Telephone invented in 1876, although it was expensive for most people → elites took advantage of this to talk to others (cellular → introduced connectivity through air → SHRINKING GEO DISTANCE)

    • Internet: First developed to share military and scientific data → became affordable to the average citizen → World Wide Web (accelerated global communication)

• Transportation Technology

  • Automobiles: Changed urban landscapes by creating suburbs

  • Air Travel: With the massive economic growth western nations experienced after WW2, more ppl could afford to fly and for pleasure

  • Shipping Containers: Created the conditions for major business to relocate their manufacturing sectors to developing countries → labor costs are lower + businesses save money

• Energy Technology

  • Petroleum: Refined into fuel for cars and planes + used to generate electricity (more efficient power source than coal) → increased production to meet the demand for consumer goods across the world

  • Nuclear Power: Emits little pollution from its chemical reactions (cleaner alt to fossil fuels like petroleum)

• Medical Technology

  • Antibiotics: Kills bacterial infections (EX: Penicillin, saved many lives + saved soldiers fighting in wars)

  • Vaccines: Created to fight against diseases like measles, pneumonia, polio, and influenza

    • CONTEXT: Early forms of this around 17th century China

  • Birth Control: Prevents pregnancy → fertility rates declined +

    • EX: Japan and Europe had a population decline + in the US there was a slowdown in population growth

• Agricultural Technology (increase in food supply)

  • Commercial Farming:

  • also required expensive technologies: tractors and combines → meaning it mainly occurs in wealthier countries

  • Green Revolution: Scientists applied genetic modification to food + development of new strains of high yielding grain crops (strains introduced to Mexico, India, and Indonesia → lots of food to feed their populations)

    • Also created concerns about environmental harm EX: farmers used to double crop → led to exhaustion and erosion in soil

    • ALSO with the increased use of chemicals for new crops → could lead to pollution of freshwater sources

Spread of Disease (Globalization edition)

• Diseases associated with POVERTY

  • note: wealthy nations had well developed healthcare systems with access to many medical interventions that prevent disease while less developed nations DON’T

  • Malaria: spread by mosquitoes and shown in hotter regions

  • Tuberculosis: Airborne disease that affects the lungs, can be fatal

• Epidemics & Pandemics

  • 

  • 1918 Influenza Pandemic (Spanish Flu): Deadliest pandemic of the 20th century, happened right after WW1 ended → spread rapidly along travel/trade routes due to increasing global interconnection (massive impact on demographics + scientists not able to make a vaccine to fight this flu)

  • HIV/AIDS: Depresses the immune system + associated w/ gay men and drug addicts → vaccine was made and this disease became a chronic illness

  • COVID-19: Disease spread globally + affected societies by requiring the closure of schools

• Disease associated with AGING (increase in lifespan globally)

  • Alzheimer’s Disease: Form of dementia that disproportionately affects the aging population (suffer memory loss)

  • Heart Disease: Affects the health of millions