Unit 4: Cell Communication and Cell Cycle

Chemotaxis

________ is movement in response to chemicals.

G1

________ and G2- During these stages, the cell performs metabolic reactions and produces organelles, proteins, and enzymes.

Catalytic

________ (enzyme- linked) receptors have an enzymatic active site on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane.

blood glucose levels

Your ________ are regulated by insulin and glucagon, two hormones released from your pancreas.

Cancer

________ occurs when normal cells start behaving and growing very abnormally and spread to other parts of the body.

asexual reproduction

The impetus to divide occurs because an organism needs to grow, a tissue needs repair, or ________ must take place.

G

________ stands for "gap, "but we can also associate it with "growth ..

prophase

During ________, the nuclear envelope disappears and chromosomes condense.

cellular division

Mitosis, or ________, occurs in four stages:

DNA

When damaged ________ is found, checkpoints are activated and cell cycle progression stops.

single chromosome

During interphase, every ________ in the nucleus is duplicated.

G protein

A(n) ________- linked receptor does not act as an enzyme, but instead will bind a different version of a(n) ________ (often GTP or GDP) on the intracellular side when a ligand is bound extracellularly.

centromere

The chromatids are held together by a structure called the ________.

telophase

The process of cytokinesis, which occurs during ________, ends mitosis, as the cytoplasm and plasma membranes pinch to form two distinct, identical daughter cells.

genes

Mutated ________ that induce cancer are called oncogenes.

Taxis

________ is the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus and can be positive (toward the stimulus) or negative (away from the stimulus)

CDKs

________ and cyclins were first studied in yeast, unicellular eukaryotic fungi.

end product

The ________ inhibits the process from beginning, thus shutting down the pathway.

Signal transduction

________ is the process by which an external signal is transmitted to the inside of a cell.

Tumour suppressor genes

________ produce proteins that prevent the conversion of normal cells into cancer cells.

Signal transduction cascades

________ are helpful to amplify a signal.

Interphase

________ is the time span from one cell division to another.

receptor

Each ________ binds a particular molecule in a highly specific way.

DNA damage

If the ________ is so extensive that it can not be repaired, the cell can undergo apoptosis, or programmed cell death.

ion channels

Ligand- gated ________ in the plasma membrane open or close a(n) ________ upon binding a particular ligand.

positive feedback pathway

A(n) ________ also involves an end product playing a role, but instead of inhibiting the pathway, it further stimulates it.

Plasma membrane receptors

________ form an important class of integral membrane proteins that transmit signals from the extracellular space into the cytoplasm.

cell cycle

The ________ is divided into two periods: interphase and mitosis.

Telophase

________ terminates mitosis, and the two new nuclei form.

Taxes

________ are innate behavioral responses, or instincts.

The cell cycle is divided into two periods

interphase and mitosis

The Three Stages of Interphase Interphase can be divided into three stages

G1, S, G2

G1 and G2

During these stages, the cell performs metabolic reactions and produces organelles, proteins, and enzymes