AP Biology Review (Part One)

Monosaccharides

________: simplest sugars that serve as an energy source for cells

Desmosomes

________: hold adjacent animal cells tightly to each other.

RNA

________ is single- stranded so only one of the 2 DNA strands has to be copied.

Isotopes

________: Atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

Heterotrophs consumers

________: living organism that rely on organic molecules for food.

Light Independent ReactionsCalvin Cycle3CO2

________ adds to RuBP to make 3 unstable 6- carbon chains that break down into 3- carbon changesThen G3P is made by adding some ATP (phosphorylation) and NADPH (reduction)= 1 G3P is product and 5 is used to make more RuBPTakes 6 CO2 to make 1 glucose.

Polypeptide

________: when 2 amino acids join to form a dipeptide.

MRNA

________: small copy of a protein of DNA that codes for a protein.

Exergonic

________: products have __LESS energ__y than the reactants (energy is given off during the reaction.

Bulk

________ comes from cellular respiration (breakdown of glucose into ATP)

Disc

________- like structures: thylakoids that contain chlorophyll, the light- absorbing pigments that drives photosynthesis.

Elements

________: Substances that can not be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

hydrogen bonds

When four water molecules are bound in a solid lattice of ice, the ________ cause solid water to expand on freezing.

Prokaryotes

________ have one circular chromosome and eukaryotes have linear chromosomes (DNA more structured)

Light Dependent ReactionsCyclic FlowJust

________ uses PS1 and H+ pump to only make ATP.

P700

________ in photosystem I captures light and passes excited electrons down an ETC to produce NADPH.

Thigmotropism

________: how plants respond to touch.

Hypertonic

________: solution has more total dissolved solutes than the cell.

Peroxisomes

________: organelles that detoxify various substances, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a byproduct.

Reactants

________ must turn into an intermediate state called the transition state before turning into products.

Cofactors coenzymes

________ can help catalyze reaction.

RRNA

________: 3D RNA chain that makes up the structure of an organelle called a ribosome.

P680

________ in photosystem II captures light and passes excited electrons down an electron transport chain to produce ATP.

mRNA finishes

Once ________ adding nucleotides and reaches a termination sequence, it separates from the DNA strand, competing transcription.

Simple diffusion

________: when the molecule diffusing is hydrophobic.

Taxis

________: movement of organism in response to a stimulus and can be positive (toward stimulus) or negative (away from stimulus)

enzyme

The charging ________ involved in forming the bond between the amino acid and the tRNA require ATP.

H+

During ETC, ________ ions are pumped in intermembrane space and flow into matrix to create ATP synthase.

TRNAs

________ are between in protein synthesis and becomes charged /enzymatically attaches to an amino acid in the cells cytoplasm and shuttles to the ribosome.

pyruvic acid

Each ________ is 3- carbon and converted to acetyl coenzyme A (a 2- carbon molecule aka acetyl- CoA) and CO2 is released.

hydrophobic molecules

Semipermeable: only certain substances (small, nonpolar, ________ like O2, N2, and CO2) pass through unaided.

Cytoskeleton

________: network of fibers (microtubules + microfilaments) that determine the shape of the cell.

Electrons

________ are negatively charged particles around the nucleus; considered massless.

Cholesterol

________: four- ringed molecule found in membranes that affects membrane fluidity by preventing it from freezing /melting; making certain hormones; making vitamin DProtein.

Cells

________: lifes basic unit of structure and function; smallest unit of living material to carry out all activities necessary for life.

Disaccharides

________: when 2 monosaccharides combine (H from one sugar molecule combines with OH of another sugar molecule to release H2O)

Phospholipids

________: have 2 fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic /nonpolar and phosphate "head "is hydrophilic= amphipathic molecule.

Thymine

________: a pyrimidine (single- rined)

genetic material

Inside of the cell is filled with cytoplasm + ________ is one continuous circular DNA molecule found free in the cell in the nucleoid.

synthesis

Each strand serves as a template for the ________ as another strand.

Plasma membrane

________: outer envelope of cell; double- layered structure made of phospholipids and proteins.

optimum temp

Heat: increase beyond ________: increases energy level of molecules disrupts bonds in enzyme and between enzyme and substrate.

Isotonic

________: the solute (substance being dissolved) concentration is the same inside and outside.

Atoms

________: smallest unit of an element that retains its characteristic properties; building block of the world.

CO2

________ is fixed to form glucose (carbohydrates, and other macromolecules)

Receptor

________- mediated cytosis: cell surface ________ that work w endocytic pits lined with protein called clathrin.

Bulk Flow

________: one- way movement of fluids brought about by pressure.

polar covalentWater

If electrons are shared unequally, the bond is ________ Properties.

fatty acid

To make triglycerides: each carboxyl group (COOH) of the ________ must react with one of the three hydroxyl groups (OH) of the glycerol molecule by dehydration synthesis.

Guanine

________: a purine (double- ringed)

Atoms

smallest unit of an element that retains its characteristic properties; building block of the world

Isotopes

Atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus

Ionic Bonds

bonds formed between 2 atoms when 1+ electrons are transferred from one atom to the other between two oppositely charged ions

Acidic

A solution is ________ if it contains a lot of hydrogen ions (H+)

Organic compounds

compounds containing carbon atoms and (sometimes) hydrogen atoms

Inorganic compounds

molecules that do not contain carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms

Heat Capacity

ability of a substance to resist temperature changes

Dense

Liquid water molecules are slightly more ______ than in solid water

Disaccharides

when 2 monosaccharides combine (H from one sugar molecule combines with OH of another sugar molecule to release H2O)

Polysaccharides

many repeated units of monosaccharides (ex. Starch, cellulose, glycogen)

Chitin

polymer of b-glucose molecules serves as structural molecule in the walls of fungi

mRNA

________ : small copy of a protein of DNA that codes for a protein

rRNA

________ : 3D RNA chain that makes up the structure of an organelle called a ribosome

tRNA

_________ : 3D enzymatic RNA molecule that translated the nucleic acid code into amino acid code

Miller and Urey experiment

experiment that stimulated the conditions of primitive Earth, struck them with electrical charges to mimic lightning, and organism compounds similar to amino acids appeared

autotrophs

life-forms that make their own food, most commonly through photosynthesis

surface area-to volume ratio

For cells, a higher _______________ is more efficient

Golgi bodies

The packaging and distribution centers to be sent out of the cell; package final products in  little sacs vesicles, that carry products to the plasma membrane

Centrioles

small, paired, cylindrical structures that are found within microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs)

First law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed but transformed

second law of thermodynamics

energy transfer leads to less organization and the universe tends towards disorder/entropy

enzyme specificity

Each enzyme catalyses only one kind of reaction

Competitive inhibition

If the substance has a shape that fits the active site of an enzyme, it can compete with the substrate and block it from getting into the active site

Light-absorbing pigments

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids clustered in thylakoid membrane into units called antenna complexes

aerobic respiration

ATP made in presence of oxygen

glycolysis

a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and releases energy for the body in the form of ATP

krebs cycle

in all plants and animals: a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy

oxidative phosphorylation

an enzymatic process in cell metabolism that synthesizes ATP from ADP