Woody Plants exam 1+2 review

• above ground portions may not die to ground each yr

• perennial

• secondary growth, usually vascular cambium

• size variable, many > 20’ tall

• environmentally dependent [esp cold]

• perennial, biennial, or annual

• may or may not have secondary growth

• seldom exceeds 20’ tall

• environmentally dependent

• perennial, rarely annual

• deciduous → evergreen

• woody; upright/spreading habit

• single/mult trunks

• height varies

  • small = <4’

  • med = 4-8’

  • lg = >8’

the significant and abrupt change in form and function, that occurs over the lifespan of certain plants

• vine [youth] → shrubby [maturity]

• Characteristics affected include internode length and stem structure as well as leaf form, size and arrangement

• ex: Hedera helix

• woody/herbaceous

• annual or perennial

• usually low growing/spreading

• <2” to 3-4’ tall

• dense mat growth

• erosion control

• needs good weed suppression

• perennial

• woody, generally upright habit

• single or mult trunks

• height varies [few feet to 350+]

  • sm = <20-25’

  • med = 25-50’

  • lg = 50’ +

• artificial distinctions

• environmentally dependent

• annual or perennial

• woody or herbaceous

• long trailing/climbing stems

  • special climbing structures

• sometimes exhibit heteroblasty

• shows relatedness among taxa

• mult plants share common names

• common names vary by area

• legal consequences

• professionalism

• product labeling

family → genus → species → cultivar or variety

closely related group of 1+ genera

closely related group of 1+ species

man-made

naturally created

• ball moss

• mistletoe

• oak wilt

• tent caterpillars

• wetwood

• Dutch elm disease

• galls

• fire ants

• Asian long-horned beetle

• fall webworm

• emerald ash borer

• chem control [applied in late winter]

• copper spray

• baking soda

• mechanical control

• NO chem herbicides

• ethylene

• mechanical control before fruiting

• water oak, spanish oak, elms, hackberries

• red oaks attacked

• through roots or beetle feeding commonly

• prune in dormancy or summer

• cover with pruning paint

• systemic fungicides

• plowing

• diversify plants

• symptoms: fungal mats, diseased leaf

• active FEB-MAY

• primary: one line

  • presumes all trees inside line die and are removed

  • 90% success

• secondary: use of both primary and secondary lines

  • more plowing → more $

  • saves more trees!

  • saves ~50% of trees between primary and secondary

• PPZL injections: fungicide pumped into tree

  • provides extra insurance of survival

  • expensive

• Euonymus spp.

• Hedera helix

• Lonicera japonica

• Bignonia capreolata

• Jasminum polyanthum

• Lonicera sempervirens

• Trachelospermum asiaticum

• Trachelospermum jasminoides

• Bauhinia corymbosa

• Ficus pumila

• Gelsemium sempervirens

• Rosa spp. [climbing var.]

• Chinese Holly

  • all of its cvs. -- ‘Nellie Stevens’, ‘Burfordii’, ‘Dwarf Burford’

• I. cornuta: 3 spikes [1 on each side, one at tip]

• cv. ‘Burfordii’: 1 spike [at tip]

• cv. ‘Dward Burford’: 1 spike [at tip; plant is smaller than Burfordii cv.

• cv. ‘Nellie Stevens’: 5 spikes [2 on each side, one at tip]

• Oleander [all parts]

• TX Mountain Laurel [contains alkaloid sophorine; red seeds poisonous]

• Poison Ivy

• English Ivy [fruits are especially inedible]

• Carolina Jessamine [all parts]

• lavender [leaf]

• Rosemary [leaf]

• Camellia [leaves can be dried]

• Bay Laurel [leaf]

• Olive [fruit]

• Mexican Oregano [leaf]

• agarita [fruit]

• TX barberry [berries]

• Yaupon Holly [leaves]

• Barbados Cherry [fruit]

• Rose [flower petals]

• Loquat [Fruit]

• Pineapple Guava [fruit]

• TX madrone [fruit]

• Anacua [fruit]

• Evergreen sumac [fruit has citric taste when pulp is extracted and eaten → teas, etc]

• lavender

• Rosemary

• eucalyptus

• Tree of Heaven -- peanut butter bark

• Mexican Oregano

• Callery Pear -- semen? vomit/rotting fish

• Almond Verbena -- vanilla/almond

• Bee bush -- vanilla

• Agarita

• Thyrallis -- subtle scent

• Gardenia

• Leatherleaf Mahonia

• Myrtle [foliage is pungent]

• Chinese Fringe Flower

• southern barberry [crushed foliage]

• Chinese Photinia

• Pittosporum

• Firethorn -- fishy scent almost

• rose

• TX mountain laurel -- grape kool-aid?

• Eleagnus

• Loquat

• Bay laurel [leaf crushed = bay leaf scent from cooking]

• Waxleaf ligustrum

• Sweet Viburnum

• Laurustinus [slight scent]

• Sanankwa Viburnum

• Common Bottlebrush [leaves = lemon scent when crushed]

• Anacua

• Southern magnolia

• Afghan Pine [leaves = fresh fragrance]

• Carolina Jessamine

• pink jasmine

• Japanese honeysuckle

• thyrallis

• gardenia

• lavender

• Sweet viburnum

• common bottlebrush

• Almond Verbena

• Bee Bush

• TX olive -- edible for wildlife, will make tipsy when eaten in excessive amounts

• Eastern red cedar -- fruits edible for wildlife, often birds

• Agarita

• TX barberry

• Creeping juniper

• Lavender

• TX Sage

• Leatherleaf Mahonia

• Oleander

• Japanese plum yew

• Aesculus pavia

• Quercus polymorpha

• Ulmus alata

• Ungnadia speciosa

• Gelsemium sempervirens

• Parkinsonia aculeata

• Bauhinia lunarioides

• Cordia boissieri

• Ehretia anacua

• Juniperus ashei

• Arbutus xalapensis

• Myrica cerifera

• Sophora secundiflora

• Berberis trifoliolata

• Berberis swaseyi

• Ilex vomitoria

• Leucophyllum frutescens

• Malpighia glabra

• Aloysia gratissima

• Bauhinia lunarioides

• Ehretia anacua

• Juniperus ashei

• Gelsemium sempervirens

• Parkinsonia aculeata

• TX mountain laurel [mechanically or with sulfuric acid]

• Palo Verde -- green stems and interesting leaves, thorns

• Nandina -- purplish foliage

• TX mountain laurel -- dog poo seed pods

• Anacacho Orchid -- leaves are two-lobed, flowers are unique

• Anacua -- leaves feel like sandpaper, orangish tint bark

• Southern Magnolia -- large flowers and extremely leathery leaves

• Berberis swaseyi

• Buxus spp.

• Ilex vomitoria ‘Nana’

• Lavandula angustifolia

• Malpighia glabra

• Rosmarinus officinalis

• Mimosa borealis

• Juniperus horizontalis

• Juniperus procumbens

• Aucuba japonica

• Berberis trifoliolata

• Berberis trifoliolata ? [vine like]

• Ilex vomitoria ‘Pendula’

• Ilex vomitoria ‘Will Fleming’

• Myrtus communis

• Loropetalum chinense

• Nerium oleander

• Myrica cerifera

• Nandina domestica

• Photinia serratifolia

• Photinia x fraseri

• Pittosporum tobira

• Acca sellowiana

• Callistemon citrinus

• Camellia spp.

• Elaeagnus pungens

• Ilex cornuta

• Ilex cornuta ‘Burfordii’

• Ligustrum japonicum

• Ligustrum sinense

• Ligustrum lucidum

• Viburnum tinus

• Juniperus ashei

• Rhus virens

• Xylosma congestum

• Aesculus pavia

• Fatsia japonica

• Osmanthus spp.

• Abelia x grandiflora

• Cotoneaster glaucophyllus

• Galphimia gracilis

• Gardenia jasminoides

• Leucophyllum frutescens

• Mahonia bealei

• Rhaphiolepis spp.

• Rosa spp.

• Cephalotaxus harringtonia

• Pyracantha spp.

• Ilex cornuta ‘Dwarf Burford’

• Juniperus x pfitzeriana

• Viburnum suspensum

• Aloysia virgata

• Aloysia gratissima

• Euonymus spp.

• Buddleja davidii

• Berberis thunbergii

• Lonicera fragrantissima

• Calliandra tergermina var. emarginata

• Ilex vomitoria

• Myrica cerifera

• Podocarpus marcophyllus var. maki

• Thuja orientalis

• Sophora secundiflora

• Teucrium fruticans

• Taxus spp.

• Arbutus xalapensis

• Arbutus unedo

• Eriobotrya japonica

• Juniperus scopulorum ‘Tolleson’s Weeping’

• Olea europaea

• Viburnum odoratissimum

• Laurus nobilis

• Trachycarpus fortunei

• Chamaerops humilis

• Bauhinia lunarioides

• Cordia boissieri

• Cupressus arizonica

• Eucalyptus spp.

• Juniperus virginiana

• Pinus thunbergii

• Rhus virens

• Parkinsonia aculeata

• Lagerstroemia indica

• Ilex decidua

• Ulmus alata

• Ulmus parvifolia

• Ungnadia speciosa

• Quercus polymorpha

• Quercus virginiana

• Quercus fusiformis

• X Cupressocyparis leylandii

• Cupressus sempervirens

• Ehretia anacua

• Eucalyptus spp.

• Magnolia grandiflora

• Pinus eldarica

• Platanus occidentalis

• Platanus mexicana

• Taxodium distichum

• Taxodium mucronatum

• Abelia x grandiflora

• Lonicera japonica

• Lonicera sempervirens

• Lonicera fragrantissima

• Aucuba japonica

• Garrya ovata var. lindheimeri

• Berberis trifoliolata

• Berberis swaseyi

• Mahonia bealei

• Nandina domestica

• Berberis thunbergii

• Buxus spp.

• Cotoneaster glaucophyllus

• Photinia serratifolia

• Photinia x fraseri

• Rhaphiolepis spp.

• Rosa spp.

• Pyracantha spp.

• Eriobotrya japonica

• Chaenomeles spp.

• Prunus persica

• Prunus cerasifera

• Spiraea spp.

• Prunus serotina var. eximia

• Prunus mexicana

• Malus spp.

• Galphimia gracilis

• Malpighia glabra

• Mascagnia macroptera

• Gardenia jasminoides

• Jasminum mesnyi

• Ligustrum japonica

• Ligustrum sinense

• Ligustrum lucidum

• Olea europaea

• Jasminum polyanthum

• Jasminum sambac

• Osmanthus spp.

• Forestiera angustifolia

• Fraxinus texensis

• F. veluntina

• Juniperus procumbens

• Juniperus horizontalis

• Juniperus scopulorum ‘Tolleson’s Weeping’

• Juniperus x pfitzeriana

• X Cupressocyparis leylandii

• Cupressus arizonica

• Cupressus sempervirens

• Thuja orientalis

• Juniperus ashei

• Juniperus virginiana

• Taxodium mucronatum

• Taxodium distichum

• Metasequoia glyptostroboides

• Ilex vomitoria

  • ‘Nana’

  • ‘Pendula’

  • ‘Will Fleming’

• Ilex cornuta

  • ‘Burfordii’

  • ‘Dwarf Burford’

  • ‘Nellie Stevens’

• Ilex decidua

• Lavandula angustifolia

• Rosmarinus officinalis

• Teucrium fruticans

• Callicarpa americana

• Poliomintha longiflora

• Vitex trifolia ‘purpurea’

• V. rotundifolia

• Leucophyllum frutescens

• Buddleja davidii

• Myrtus communis

• Callistemon citrinus

• Acca sellowiana

• Eucalyptus spp.

• Loropetalum chinense

• Nerium oleander

• Trachelospermum asiaticum

• Trachelospermum jasminoides

• Vinca minor

• Myrica cerifera

• Pittosporum tobira

• Podocarpus macrophyllus var. maki

• Sophora secundiflora

• Bauhinia lunarioides

• Parkinsonia aculeata

• Bauhinia purpurea

• Mimosa borealis

• Calliandra tergemina var. emarginata

• Gleditsia triacanthos fo. inermis

• Senna corymbosa

• Sophora affinis

• Albizia julibrissin

• Eysenhardtia texana

• Leucaena retusa

• Myrospermum sousanum

• Ebenopsis ebano

• Acacia berlandierii

• Prosopis glandulosa

• Prosopis alba ‘Laurie’

• Wisteria sinensis

• Wisteria frutescens

• Cephalotaxus harringtonia

• Taxus spp.

• Camellia spp.

• Viburnum suspensum

• V. tinus

• V. odoratissimum

• V. rufidulum

• Elaeagnus pungens

• Arbutus xalapensis

• A. unedo

• Rhododendron spp.

• Laurus nobilis

• Trachycarpus fortunei

• Chamaerops humilis

• Butia capitata

• Cordia boissieri

• Ehretia anacua

• Magnolia grandiflora

• Pinus eldarica

• P. thunbergii

• Pinus pinea

• Quercus virginiana

• Q. fusiformis

• Q. polymorpha

• Q. shumardii

• Q. laceyi

• Q. macrocarpa

• Q. muehlenbergii

• Q. vaceyana

• Q. buckleyi

• Q. canbyi

• Rhus virens

• R. lanceolata

• R. aromatica

• Pistachia chinensis

• P. mexicana

• Toxicodendron radicans/Rhus radicans

• Cotinus coggygria

• Aloysia virgata

• A. gratissima

• Vitex agnus-castus

• Euonymus spp.

• Fatsia japonica

• Hedera helix

• Bignonia capreolata

• Tecoma stans

• Catalpa speciosa

• C. bignonioides

• Chilopsis linearis

• Campsis radicans

• Ficus pumila

• Ficus carica

• Morus alba

• M. alba ‘Pendula’

• Broussonetia papyrifera

• Maclura pomifera

• Gelsemium sempervirens

• Lagerstroemia indica

• Platanus occidentalis

• P. mexicana

• Xylosma congestum

• Populus deltoides

• Salix nigra

• S. matsudana

• Elaeocarpus decipiens

• Ungnadia speciosa

• Aesculus pavia

• Acer grandidentatum

• A. negundo

• A. palmatum

• A. rubrum

• A. truncatum

• Koelreuteria spp.

• Ulmus alata

• U. parvifolia

• U. americana

• U. crassifolia

• U. pumila

• Celtis spp.

some important ones:

• dentate

• doubly serrate

• crenate

• entire

• lobate

• obovate

• serrate

• undulate

• palmate: looks like a palm, leaflets are joined in one spot

• pinnately compound: A leaf that is divided into smaller leaflets, those leaflets arranged on each side of the leaf's central stalk/rachis (axis).

  • odd pinnate, even pinnate

  • once pinnate, bipinnate

• simple: one leaf, no leaflets

important difference = where the axillary bud is located

• alternate [A]: leaves alternate along the stem, so that only a single leaf is attached at each node

• compound [B]: leaves in pairs along the stem, so that two leaves are attached at each node

• whorled [C]: three or more equally spaced leaves at a node

Important/frequently seen in this class:

• linear

• oblong

• lanceolate

• oblanceolate

• cuneate

• pinnate

• bipinnate

• ovate

• elliptical

• obovate

• elliptical

• palmate

• cordate

• pinnate

• dichotomous [like Ginkgo--see term image]

• palmate

• parallel

• Anisacanthus quadrifidus var. wrightii

• Juglans nigra

• Carya illinoinensis

• Hydrangea macrophylla

• Hydrangea quercifolia

• Punica granatum

• Hibiscus syriacus

• Pavonia lasiopetala

• Firmiana simplex

• Sapium sebiferum

• Cleyera japonica

• Ailanthus altissima

• Parthenocissus quinquefolia

• Cestrum aurantiacum

• Diospyros texana

• Ginkgo biloba

• Liquidambar styraciflua

• Citrus spp.

• attack several types of broadleaf shrubs/trees

• ugly → nuisance

• defoliation → reduced growth/vigor

• moths lay eggs in spring, hatch as plants leaf out, feed and form webs, pupate, moths emerge

• DETECT EARLY!

  • mechanical control

  • biological control (Bacillus thuringiensis) on foliage--not on worms

  • chem control

• cottonwood, elm, willow, honeylocust, maple

• yellow-brown discoloration of wood

• high internal gas pressure due to bacteria activity

• inhibits callus formation, kills new growth/cambial tissue

• some insects feed on slime → no need for control

• manage = prevent stress to roots/stems