Dr. Mouseghy Midterm II study guide

we take in info from the environment through our spinal cord, then we take the info from the spinal cord and make a decision

brain and spinal cord

coordinates all voluntary and involuntary responses integrates incoming information

involuntary responses mediated by spinal cord and spinal nerves (reflexes)

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

afferent neurons and efferent neurons

neurons that take information from the brain to the rest of the body (outward); motor neurons

neurons that take information from the senses to the brain (inwards); sensory neurons

sensory division and motor division

carries info to brain and spinal cord

somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms (aka fight or flight).

The functional unit of the nervous system, a nerve cell

sensory, motor, interneurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord (PNS to CNS)

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and are located between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands (aka effectors)

supporting cells; physical support, nutrient flow, waste removal, electrical insulation

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands

sudden, temporary reversal of voltage across cell membrane that travels through the axon to axon terminal to send messages

neuron that sends the signal towards synapse

the neuron receiving signal at the end of the synapse

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

Branchlike parts of a neuron receive information from environment or other dendrites

myelin sheath is inflamed and breaks down, which also damages the nerve fibers leading to plaque in nervous system (aka sclerotic patches of tissue). Creates motor, memory, and vision issues

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

coordinated basic, automatic, and vital tasks

medulla oblongata (controls vital automatic functions for internal organs), pons (respiration) , cerebellum (muscles and movement)

relays visual and auditory sensory inputs to brain. Also controls circadian rhythm

coordinates muscles related to vision and hearing

cerebrum, limbic system, hypothalamus, thalamus

receives and integrates information concerning emotions and conscious thought

frontal (motor activity, speech, conscious thought), parietal (sensory info from skin), occipital (sensory info from eyes), temporal (auditory info, language, perceptual judgment)

secretes hormones, regulates homeostasis thirst, hunger, sex

Relay station for sensory information; processes, receives. and transfers information

several structures that regulate emotions and memory (Thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus)

outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

channels sound waves to tympanic membrane (pinna and auditory canal)

amplifies sound from tympanic membrane (malleus, incus, stapes)

sorts sounds by tone and converts them (cochlea)

ear plugs, be further away from speakers (recommended to have them elevated), and use quiet rooms if provided

sclera, iris, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerves

covers and protects eyeball

regulates the amount of light entering the eye

bends/focuses incoming light

fine focuses light

contains cones (detail, color—red, blue, green) and rods (provide vision in dim light, shape, movement) that convert light signals into electrical signal

farsighted (close items are blurry but can see far away), nearsighted (far items are blurry, can see close), astigmatism (abnormal curvature of cornea or lens)

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

the left visual field is made up of the left half of what both eyes see; processed in right brain

the right visual field is made up of the left half of what both eyes see; processed in left brain

transports essential nutrients, removes waste products, protects the body by transporting immunity cells, regulates temperature, pH, water, and electrolytes

heart, blood vessels, blood

A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets.

Right Atrium (deoxygenated blood from body) -> Right Ventricle (pushes deoxygenated blood to lungs) -> Left Atrium (now oxygenated blood from the lungs) -> Left ventricle (pushes oxygenated blood to aortas, then to rest of the body)

arteries (thick vessels that carry O2-rich blood away from the heart), veins (carry O2-poor blood to the heart), capillaries (tiny blood vessel that regulates gas, nutrient, and waste exchange)

liquid portion of blood and does not contain cells; 99% water

from bone marrow; can turn into any cell the body needs

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

granular leukocytes; most abundant and first to fight infections and fungi

granular leukocytes; defense against parasites and releases chemicals to reduce allergic reactions

granular leukocytes; rarest white blood cell and secretes histamine in response to allergies

agranular; next level after granular cells to protect body

agranular; turn into macrophages to destroy pathogens and communicate with other white blood cells to alert them of the issue

hemoglobin- carries O2 in the red blood cells; distributes O2 from high to low concentration

heart attacks (blood supply to heart reduced/stopped) and strokes (blocked/burst arteries leading to and within the brain)

age, sex, genetics, diet, physical activity, diabetes, stress, smoking

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide. It filters air, maintains pH, fluid and thermal homeostasis, vocalization

filters, warms, and moistens air; nose, nasal cavity, oral cavity, larynx

exchanges gases; made up of larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli

aka voice box; speech, gas exchange, separates food and air

windpipe that divides into bronchial tree

two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.

smallest branches of the bronchi

sacs of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged by diffusion between the air and the blood

brings in air from atmosphere; upper tract + trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

gas exchange zone; alveoli/alveolar sacs

difficulty exhaling air; bronchitis and asthma

difficulty inhaling air; pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung cancer

poor airflow, difficulty breathing; emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma (restrictive and obstructive)

maintains the fluid regulation of the body (osmoregulation); kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

kidney filters excess water and solutes from the blood most of the water and solutes will be reabsorbed by the kidneys, the rest will be secreted via urine

helps control the water balance of the body and affects the amount of urine produced by the kidney

retains salt; increases sodium reabsorption, which causes us to retain water

disorder in which the body cannot produce enough insulin, which leads to the rise of blood sugar

insulin is produced, but fatty deposits around cells block the insulin from being absorbed

brings your body closer to a set point; homeostasis

brings your body past a set point and keeps looping; childbirth stretches until baby is out