Thomas Jefferson

• 1801 - Begins presidency

• Achievements included Declaration of Independence + public schools + Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom + Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions + Louisiana Purchase + Lewis & Clark Expedition + Embargo Act + classical architecture

• Growth of the 2-party system

• Promoted a weak central gov’t

• Believed that slavery was the core of US’s problems

Election of 1800

• 1800

• Jeffersonian Revolution

• The first peaceful transfer of ideological power based on election results

• Jefferson’s election led to the rejection of elite leadership of Federalists

• In the House of Representatives, Alexander Hamilton urged Federalists to vote for Jefferson (not Aaron Burr)

Aaron Burr

• VP under Jefferson

• Defeated for governor of NY (due to the intervention of Hamilton)

• 1804 - Killed Hamilton in a duel

• Suspected to be involved in the Burr Conspiracy, where he wanted to create a new, separate country

Mosquito Fleet

• Jefferson reduced the size of army + sold many US Navy ships

• The Mosquito Fleet was made up of many small boats w/ minimal firepower

Era of Good Feelings

• 1814-1824

• Collapse of Federalists led to only Anti-Federalists in power

• Resulted in national unity

Patronage

• Rewarding political supporters with jobs + contracts + favors

• Practiced by Madison + Monroe

• Corrupt

Congressional Committee System

• Decision making mostly by president + cabinet

• Jefferson reduced power of executive branch, leading the legislative branch to fill the power vacuum

• Committees review + introduce new legislation

• Still exists today

Louisiana Purchase

• 1803

• The Haitian Revolution caused Napoleon to be less interested in America

• After buying French land for $15 million, the size of the US doubled

• More cheap land benefitted yeoman farmers settling west

Toussaint L’Ouverture

• Leader of the Haitian Revolution, a slave rebellion

• Created a precedent, as other nations broke away from European control in Central + South America

Lewis and Clark Expedition

• 1804-1806 - Journey of Meriwether Lewis + William Clark into Louisiana territory (Corps of Discovery)

• Formed friendly relations w/ Native Americans + discovered economic opportunities

• Found a river + land route to Pacific Ocean

• Resulted in more interest in westward expansion

Sacagawea

• Symbolized rivalry between Native Americans tribes + the difficulties of European encroachment

• 1805 - Joined Corps of Discovery + provided assistance to Lewis & Clark

Zebulon Pike

• An American brigadier general and explorer for whom Pikes Peak in Colorado was named

• Explored West through Colorado into the Spanish territory that was later won by US in Mexican-American War

Tecumseh

• 1791 - Attacked American military force

• 1811 - Worked with Prophet (brother) to form a confederacy of Native Americans against white expansion

• Battle of Tippecanoe

• In the War of 1812, he joined British military

Battle of Tippecanoe

• 1811

• William Henry Harrison stopped Tecumseh’s raids

• British support for Native Americans decreased

• Heightened tensions between Great Britain + US

Tripolitan War

• Barbary Pirates of North Africa wanted bribes

• 1801 - Pasha of Tripoli declared war on US

• US Navy ended threat to American shipping

Virginia Dynasty

• 4 of the first 5 presidents were from Virginia

• Indirect support to slavery led to sectionalism among the states

• Many Jeffersonian Republicans led to New Englanders resenting their presidential bias

Midnight Appointments

• 1801

• Federal judges put in office by John Adams on the last day of his term

• John Adams was scorned but provided balance in the fed. gov’t

• John Marshall was appointed as chief justice

• Supreme Court was established as equal member of 3 branches

John Marshall

• 1801-1835 - Chief Justice of Supreme Court

• Declared that federal authority was greater than the power of Individuals + states

• Judicial review stated that the Supreme Court determines whether or not something is constitutional

Adam Smith

• 1776 - Wrote The Wealth of Nations

  • Believed in a supply + demand economy instead of mercantilism

  • People know how to produce wealth + make economic adjustments

  • The idea of the invisible hand, or laissez-faire, was that the government supports economic growth without interfering in it

Marbury v. Madison

• 1803

• William Marbury was a Federalist midnight appointment judge

• James Madison denied to pay Marbury’s commission

• John Marshall stated that Marbury cannot bring the suit under strict construction

• Judicial review determined that the Supreme Court is the final interpreter of Constitution

McCulloch v. Maryland

• 1819

• Maryland tried to tax branch of the Bank of the United States

• John Marshall declared that a state cannot control fed. gov’t institutions (federal law > state law)

• Considered the elastic clause + implied powers

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

• 1819

• New Hampshire wanted to change the original charter of Dartmouth College

• Daniel Webster defended Dartmouth

• John Marshall declared that New Hampshire has no power to break charter (contract)

• Protecting all contracts in the future would aid businesses

Gibbons v. Ogden

• 1824

• Emphasized a powerful fed. gov’t + the importance of interstate transportation & commerce

• New York tried to grant a monopoly on water transportation

• John Marshall declared that states don’t have power to control interstate commerce

Judicial Review

• The courts are vested with the authority to determine the legitimacy of the acts of the executive and the legislative branches of government

• Legacy of Marshall Court

• Centralized power in Washington

BIG PICTURE

• Election of 1800 - Peaceful transition b/w Federalists + Democratic-Republicans

• Era of Good Feelings - 1-party rule + factionalism & political parties are natural

• Louisiana Purchase + Lewis & Clark - Westward expansion + exploration + settlement

• Westward migration → Clashes w/ NA + federal vs. state authority

• John Marshall - Judicial review