BPK 110 Final (fats-Physical Activity)

• Function: coenzyme (NAD)

• Found in: chicken, beef, fish,

• deficiency= pellagra (4D'S)

• toxicity= flush

• forms coenzyme A,

• Deficiency/ Toxicity= rare

• Found in a wide variety of food

• coenzymes that lower homocysteine levels,

• deficiency= microcytic anemia

  • (when blood cells don't transport oxygen)

• toxicity= rare. Yet, can lose control over body movement

• metabolism of the 3 macronutrients and told to improve hair, nail and skin health

• deficiency= rare

  • May occur with a genetic disorder called Biotinidase deficiency

• toxicity=Rare. Can occur via over-supplementation

• Folate = basic form (food),

• Folic acid = acids form (supplements)

• coenzyme in DNA/RNA synthesis, metabolism of BCAA

• deficiency= pregnancy can lead to

• neural tube defects causing spina Bifida or acephale

  1. megaloblastic anemia

• Toxicity= Rare

  • may promote nausea, bloating, decreased appetite, and difficulty

    sleeping

• Function: required for DNA synthesis, acts as coenzyme for conversion of homocysteine to methionine

• Absorption: Atrophic gastritis

• Found in: Animal or supplements

• deficiency= megaloblastic anemia

• toxicity= Rare. Yet, certain medications an create a toxicity

• Function: critical for collagen which builds body structures, antioxidant, and increases the absorption of iron.

• Antioxidant

• Prevents: Chronic Disease Prevention

• deficiency= scurvy

• toxicity= gastrointestinal effects like nausea and diarrhea + cramps

• retinoids, provitamin A (carotenoids): plants

• Preformed A (retinol/retinal ester): Animals

• deficiency= xerophthalmia (inability to form tears),

• toxicity= pressure in brain, dizziness, and nausea

• Creates for visual pathway

• Gene Expression, immune Function and antioxidant

• Promotes Health Skins

• critical for bone health, immune function and reduction of inflammation.

• deficiency= rickets (soft bones)

• toxicity= can increase calcium levels dangerously high, and cause anorexia/weight loss

• Found in: Sun, Fish, Eggs, Dairy Products

• helps cell signalling and gene expression

• Antioxidant

• deficiency= decreased fat absorption, muscle disorders

• toxicity= higher mortality rate

• helps blood coagulate,

• deficiency= bleeding and haemorrhaging,

• toxicity= none observed

• most abundant mineral, signalling molecule essential for structure,

• deficiency= osteoporosis, higher peak bone mass,

• toxicity= abdominal pain, bone pain, mental confusion

• 2nd Most Abundant Mineral in the Body

• Function: mineralizes bones and teeth,

• deficiency= rare,

  • can cause anorexia and muscle weakness + anemia

• toxicity= rare,

  • Calcification of Tissues

• Key Electrolyte

• involved in body's electrical activity, primary cation found in extracellular space,

• deficiency= hyponatremia due to excessive vomiting, sweating, or diarrhe

• toxicity= hypertension (high blood pressure)

• electrolyte

• deficiency= tired, cramps, irregular heart rhythm,

• toxicity= Rare

  • impaired kidney functions = heart irregularities, low blood pressure, paralysis

• functions as an electrolyte, water balance, HCl.

• Found in: Table Salt or NaCl

• deficiency= vomiting and kidney malfunction,

• toxicity= tiredness, muscle weakness

• cofactor for over 600 enzymes

• Popular Dietary supplement. Promotes heart health and blood glucose

• deficiency= rare

  • progress to cramping, numbness,

    tingling or heart irregularities, and seizures

• toxicity= Rare

  • over-supplementation, laxative, antacid use. Includes Diarrhea, Nausea and stomach pain

• 3rd most abundant mineral

• Critical for synthesis of amino acids methionine and cysteine, which contain sulfur and contribute to protein folding

• deficiency= rare,

  • can contribute to protein malnutrition

• toxicity= rare

  • can cause diarrhea and colitis

• forms hemoglobin + myoglobin,

• deficiency= iron-deficient anemia,

• toxicity= iron poisoning (organ failure, coma, and death)

• Hepcidin suppresses the absorption of iron when levels are high

• cofactor for more than 100 enzymes

• Antioxidant

• roles in gene expression, immune function, protein and DNA synthesis, wound healing, growth, development

• deficiency= slow growth, erectile dysfunction, diarrhea, thinning hair,

• toxicity= nausea + vomiting

• cofactor for enzymes

• Antioxidant

• deficiency/toxicity = Rare

• red blood cell production

• deficiency= tremors, tingling, numbness, fatigue,

• toxicity= rare but can be due to certain genetic conditions, committing, diarrhea, yellowing skin & muscle pain

• 2 thyroid functions (thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3))

• deficiency= goiter (lump in neck)

• toxicity: (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting

• Source: Iodized Salt

1. reproduction, production, and metabolism,

2. Antioxidant of Glutathione

3. deficiency= keshan disease (disease of heart and muscle)

4. toxicity= hair loss, nail discolouration, muscle and joint pain

5. Sources: food depending on soil quality

• cofactor in enzymatic reactions

• deficiency: rare,

• toxicity: Over-Supplementation. Wihch, may promote kidney failure, seizures, and brain damage

• creates fluorapatite which hardens teeth,

• toxicity can lead to tooth discolouration

• Function: Coenzyme (FMN and FAD)

• deficiency= Rare. Yet, may lead to ariboflavinosis

• toxicity= rare, no symptoms reported

• required by body tissues for muscular contraction, nerve conduction, and ATP synthesis,

• deficiency= Wernicke's syndrome and beriberi,

• toxicity= n/a

healthy-ish (found in animal products).

healthiest (found in plant products).

unhealthy (found in processed foods & hydrogenated fats).

H-Bonds opposite side (hydrogenation). Has a longer shelf life. Yet, the risk of CVD and other health issues

• (is anti-inflammatory)

• (is inflammatory).

Both have beneficial effects on the brain & cardiovascular system.

Hydrophilic head: phosphate and 2 hydrophobic tail (2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone). It can carry lipids around the body, form a lipid bilayer, and act as an emulsifier.

Grouping of amphiphilic molecules (mainly as bile salts) for emulsification

3 fatty acids (fats) attached to a glycerol backbone.

• Made in small intestine villi

• It is transports by triglycerides (small intestine to body cells), and very low-density

• Made in Liver

• It is transports triglycerides (liver to body cells) and VDL

• Made in and Formed when VLDL sheds many triglycerides

• It delivers "bad" cholesterol (itself to body cells, returns to liver, or deposits in artery walls), and LD

• Made in Liver

• It Removes cholesterol "good" (from blood & body cells and returns it to the liver), and HD

The breakdown of fatty acids into acetyl CoA.

adipose tissue

(sufficient carbs=ATP, insufficient carbs=KETONES, energy deficit=lipids retrieved from adipose tissue)

(phospholipids make up cellular membranes)

Transport (by lipoproteins) & storage (in adipose tissue) of fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, and K)

(cholesterol-derived & essential fatty acid-derived molecules include very important molecules)

Hormone-like signalling molecules created by synthesized Omega-3 and Omega-6 essential fatty acids.

cardioprotective benefits.

possible negative CVD effects.

A CVD entailing a build-up of fatty materials in artery walls. Bad lifestyle choices increase the risk of developing atherosclerosis. Eating to much butter = clogged arteries

Types of fats & excess consumption of them increase CVD likelihood, which includes heart disease & cancer.

Whole sources of fat, eliminate trans fat, unsaturated fats > saturated fats, and consume essential fatty acids.as

protein you eat has all the 9 types of amino acids

protein you eat doesn’t have all the nine types of amino acids

• ‌Fish

• ‌Poultry (chicken, duck, or turkey)

• ‌Eggs

• ‌Dairy products (milk, yogurt, or cheese, for example)

• ‌Beef or pork

• ‌Soy products, such as tofu and edamame

• Nuts and seeds

• ‌Whole grains (like brown rice or whole-wheat bread)

• ‌Vegetables

• ‌Legumes in the form of lentils, peas, and beans.

Polypeptide chain; peptide bonds.

Alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets; hydrogen bonds between side chains in the polypeptide chains.

Disulphide, hydrogen bonds between side chains.

The binding of two or more polypeptide chains together.

Refers to the alteration of a protein's 3D structure (from heat, acid, cooking, etc.)

The removal of the nitrogen group found on proteins

1. In the mouth, chewing begins the mechanical breakdown of protein.

2. In the stomach, hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin begin the chemical digestion of protein.

3. In the small intestine, pancreatic proteases (trypsin and chymotrypsin), along with enzymes in the microvilli break down polypeptides into amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides

Protein forms some of the base structure of bone, ligaments, muscles, hair, and skin

Proteins that speed of the rate of chemical reactions

The hemoglobin protein in blood binds to oxygen and allows it to be transported by red blood

Antibodies are proteins that help fight off infection

: Actin and myosin are proteins that allow muscles to contract

Proteins found in blood draw in water, reducing chance of edema

Protein deficiency leading to fluid accumulation in the abdomen, and a fatty liver

Protein and energy deficiency leading to the depletion of fat stores and wasting of muscle

• May be associated with weight loss

• Can help build muscle mass

• -Can lead to dehydration, since deamination requires more water excretion

• -May increase calcium loss

• -May increase risk of kidney stones

10-35% of calories

0.8 g/kg of body weight

+25 g/day

1.2-1.4 g/kg of body weight

Consuming different sources of plant protein that are rich sources of certain essential amino acids, to ensure all the essential amino acids are met.

Excludes red meat but may include fish, poultry, diary products, and eggs.

Excludes all animal flesh except fish.

Excludes all animal flesh but does include eggs and dairy products such as milk and cheese.

Excludes animal flesh and eggs but does include dairy products.

Excludes all food of animal origin.

• -Vegetarians have lower rates of heart disease, breast cancer, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes

• -It is better for the environment (more efficient use of land resources)

• -Reduced risk of infection from food

• -May be cheaper

• -Reduces animal harm

• -Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are common (need B12 supplements)

• -Calcium and vitamin D deficiencies may occur if milk products are not consumed

• -Iron and zinc are poorly absorbed from plants

• -Omega-3 may be low in vegan diets

Genes. Age, gender, cooking and our nutrient intake.

Food processing, light exposure, improper storage, and overcooking can lead to vitamin losses in the diet, which can be minimized by choosing fresh foods, cooking briefly using gentle methods, storing perishables correctly, avoiding overprocessing, and considering vitamin stability in food sources.

Found in fats and oils of foods and require bile for absorption

More likely to be toxic than water soluble ones ; toxicity usually from high-dose supplements, rarely from food (exception: K is rarely toxic, but if we eat too much we can get very sick and die)

Digestion similar to dietary fat - Bile and pancreatic enzymes, Absorbed in micelles in SI, Packed for transport through lymphatic system, Carried by chylomicrons and other blood lipoproteins to liver where repackaged for release into blood in the liver

liver & adipose tissues - so not much is excreted

1. Digestion: cleave from protein in stomach

2. --Travel through the body on their own freely through watery body fluids

3. --Absorbed from small intestine to blood

body tissues is minimal (Except B12 & B6) - so more is excreted

Small, organic molecule that interacts with enzymes and, as a result, regulates a chemical reaction. Vits: A and K

beriberi and Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome

diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death

Deficiencies of vitamin B12: Cobalamin and B9: Folic Acid/Folate are the leading causes of megaloblastic anemia. Very large red blood cells and a decrease in the number of those cells.

Folate and B12 work together to produce S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), a compound involved in immune function and mood.

A condition in which chronic inflammation has damaged the cells of the stomach that produce stomach acid. Decreased stomach acid can affect the absorption of nutrients, such as vitamin B12, calcium, iron, and magnesium.