AP Psychology: Unit 5

the persistence of learning over time through encoding

the processing of information into the memory system--for example

the process of retaining encoded information over time (319)

the process of getting information out of memory storage (319)

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort (320)

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words (324)

encoding semantically

a neural center located in the limbic system

the focussing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus (152)

unconscious encoding of incidental information

additional rehearsal of information leads to increased retention

the conscious repetition of information

the encoding of meaning

memory aids

a mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations

the tendency to process efficiently and remember well information related to oneself

organizing items into familiar

it receives messages from the motor cortex but does not send back information to the cortex for conscious awareness of procedural memory

a mnemonic in which the items in a list to be remembered are associated with the sequential items in a memorized jingle and then the list is retrieved by going through the jingle and retrieving the associated items.

the immediate

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious

our tendency to recall best the last (a recency effect) and first items (a primacy effect) in a list (337)

the tendency to recover information more easily when the retrieval occurs in the same setting as the original learning of the information

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood (337)

enhanced memory after retrieving

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice (324)

long-term memories that are especially resistant to forgetting and are likely to last a lifetime

The theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g.

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information (345)

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information (345)

in psychoanalytic theory

an inability to form new memories (342)

activated memory that holds a few items briefly

an inability to retrieve information from one's past (342)

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event (347)

attributing to the wrong source an event we have heard

that eerie sense that 'I've experienced this before.' Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience (349)

a process in which previously stored memories

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event (332)

an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds (322)

retention independent of conscious recollection. Also called nondeclarative memory (320)

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." Also called declarative memory (320)

A category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again (334)

the activation

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

capabilities related to the acquisition and application of knowledge in problem solving

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution (357)

expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions) (357)

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments (365)

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited (367)

the way an issue is posed

a mental grouping of similar objects

in a language

in language

The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

impairment of language

in a language

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think (379)

a methodical

the idea that language influences thought

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

an effortless

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent

a sudden realization of a problem's solution

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

we presume such events are common (364)

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence (362)

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird

according to Freud

the ability to learn from experience

a general intelligence factor that

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals

the ability to perceive

a test designed to assess what a person has learned

a test designed to predict a person's future performance

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others