AP Psych Unit 1 (Scientific Foundations of Psychology)

the science of behavior and mental processes

seeing mind and body as different aspects of the same thing

seeing mind and body as two different things that interact

the extent to which behavior results from heredity or experience

nature: plato, descarte

nurture: aristotle, locke, watson, skinner

emphasized units of consciousness + identification of elements of thought using introspection

brought introspection to Johns Hopkins, first president of APA

studied elements of consciousness in Cornell

first woman to complete phd in psychology

concerned w/ how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to adapt to its environment

wrote principles of psychology

first woman president of APA

behavioral reactions to stimuli, learning as a result of experience

classical conditioning of dogs

known for experiments in classical aversive conditioning

kown for experiments in operant conditioning

how unconscious instincts, conflicts, motives, defenses influence behavior

jung, adler, horney, kohut

father of psychoanalysis

individual potential for growth, role of unique perceptions in growth towards one’s potential

humanism

humanism

physiological and biochemial factors that determine behavior and mental processes

how we receive, store, process information; think/reason, use language

how natural selection behaviors contributed to survival and spread of ancestor’s genes, Darwinian approach

how cultural differences affect behavior

biological processes, psychological factors, social forces to provide more complex picture of behavior/mental processes

use of techniques from a variety of approaches

evaluate and treat mental, emotional, behavioral disorders c

help people adapt to change/make changes in their lifestyle

study psychological development throughout the life span e

focus on how effective teaching and learning take place

do research to add new knowledge into the field f

apply psychological principles to legal issues h

biological, psychological, social factors involved in health and illness

improve productivity and quality of work life by applying psychological principles n

relationships between brain/nervous systems and behavior

focus on traits, attitudes, goals of the individual

methods for acquiring and analyzing psychological data

person’s mental life and behavior being shaped by interactions with other people

organized sets of concepts that explain phenomena

prediction of how two or more factors are likely to be related

repetition of the methods used in a previous experiment to see whether it will yield the same results

the factor the researcher manipulates

the behavior or mental process that is measured in an experiment

all the individuals in the group to which the study applies

the subgroup of the population that participates in the study

choosing members of a population so that every individual has an equal chance of being chosen

the subgroup of the sample that received the treatment or IV

the comparison group; similar to the experimental group in every way except for the lack of the IV

division of the sample into groups so that every individual has an equal change of being put into a condition

factors that cause differences between the experimental group and the control group other than the IV

a description of the specific procedure used to determine the presence of a variable

when a researcher’s expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

clues participants discover about the purpose of the study that suggest how they should respond

research design in which participants don’t know whether they are in the experimental or control group

research design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group

a physical/psychological treatment given to the control group that contains no active ingredient

response to the belief that the IV will have an effect

consistency of results

extent to which an instrument measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict

a field that involved the analysis of numerical data about representative samples of populations d

numbers that summarize a set of research data obtained from a sample

an orderly arrangement of how scores indicating the frequency of each score or group of scores

average or most typical scores of a set

most frequent in a set

the middle score after being ordered by size

arithmetic average of a set

spread or dispersion of a set of research data

difference between largest score and smallest score

measures average difference between each score and mean of the data set n

bell-shaped curve that represents data about how lots of human characteristics are dispersed in the population

% of scores or below a particular score (1-99)

statistical measure of degree of relatedness or association between two sets of data that ranges from -1 to +1

condition that exists when probability that the findings are due to the chance is less than 1 in 20 (p < .05) according to some psychologists, or less than 1 in 100 (p < .01) according to those with more stringent standards

suggested rules for acting responsibly and morally when conducting research or in clinical practice

greek philosopher who argued for the role of nature

greek philosopher who argued for the role of nurture

english philosopher

dualism, rationalism (cogito ergo sum)

monism, empiricism (tabula rasa)

french philosopher

developed the idea of the just noticeable difference (first empirical psychological measurement)

theory of natural selection influenced the functionalist school + evolutionary psychology

opened one of the first psychology labs + structuralism + consciousness

structuralism

studied ability of people to remember lists of nonsense syllables under different conditions

studied cognitive/social processes of remembering

developed important theory of cognitive development in children