biology-respiratory system

process in which body allows for oxygen delivery in cells to break down glucose and CO2 removal from cells out of body that is exhaled out of the lungs and is all done by respiratory system

1 surface area or respiratory surface (for large amounts of gas exchange at fast enough rates to meet bodies needs )

2 moist environment (so O2 and CO2 can be dissolved in water)

breathing, external respiration, internal respiration, cellular respiration

breathing-inspiration (breathing) aka moving air from external environment into lungs and expiration (exhaling) aka moving air from lungs back into external enviroment

external respiration- exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood

internal respiration- exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between body tissues and cells

cellular respiration- series of energy releasing chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP or energy that can be used around body.

the lungs, located deep in the body

thoracic cavity

a bone and muscular structure used to protect the lungs

greek word meaning chest place

passageway that air moves from external environment to respiratory surface

nose, mouth, nasal passages, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea

first organ of respiration, main function is to warm, moisten and clean incoming air. lined with mucus producing cells that trap foreign particles and ciliated particles which move these particles. (these particles can include bacteria and dust)

very thin bones, that project into nasal cavity and increase surface area of cilia, for warming air and removing particles

second organ of respiration. known as throat, passageway for air getting into respiratory system as well as passageway for food and water to get into digestive system

third organ of respiration, flap of cartilage that lies behind tongue and above the larynx that closes over opening of trachea (glottis).

When a person swallows epiglottis prevents food and water from entering trachea and passing into lungs. When a person is at rest epiglottis is up right, allowing air to pass to lower respiratory tract

“voice box'“ made from cartilage and contained vocal chords

when you breath, there is a large gap between them but when you speak, muscles around them contract causing them to come closer together and vibrate- producing sound or pitch

determined on length of vocal cords which determine a higher or lower pitch. (longer the chords the lower or deeper the pitch.

“windpipe” that extends from larynx to the bronchi that is strengthened by cartilage arches that prevent it from collapsing.- open section of semicircle cartilage fases the esophagus to allow it to expand for the swallowing of food

lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and capillaries

lungs-contain the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.

divided into regions called lobes.

right contains 3 lobes and left contains 2 lobes to have space for the heart.

thin, double layered membrane that surrounds each lung (outer membrane attaches to chest wall and inner membrane attached to outside of lung

they adhere to each other allowing lungs to expand and draw in air when volume of chest cavity is increased as well space between membranes contains fluid to reduce friction during inhalation

the branching of the trachea (2 bronchi) that enter left and right lung

contain c shaped cartilage rings that provide support as part of the bronchus wall

smaller network of fine tubes called bronchioles within each lung

cilia and mucous producing cells

movies foreign particles upward to upper resp. tract to be ejected by coughing, sneezing or swallowing

captures and traps particles and pathogens

cluster of tiny sacs and the end of each bronchiole which forms spongy lung tissue. composed of single layer of cells for rapid gas exchange occurring in external respiration. surrounded by network of capillaries.

functional part units of lungs. During inhalation alveoli are bubble shaped but during expiration tiny sacs collapse.

film of fat called lipoprotein preventing membranes from sticking

tiny blood vessels that surround the alveoli, only one cell thick and connect arteries and veins

air that enters alveoli have a higher concentration of oxygen then blood in capillaries. oxygen diffuses out of alveoli and into blood of capillaries

diffusion transports most of oxygen but about 30% of oxygen is transported by facilitated diffusion where protein molecules “carry” oxygen across cell membrane. not requiring more energy but speeding up process

in the lungs

1. oxygen diffuses into the blood of capillaries to begin journey to heart and to be pumped into tissues

2. carbon dioxide diffuses from blood in capillaries to alveoli in lungs to be released into external environment

takes place in body tissues

1. oxygen diffuses from the blood into oxygen-poor tissues

2. carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue to blood -to heart

oxygen moves from atmosphere (high partial pressure) to alveoli then diffuses into blood and dissolves in the plasma

hemoglobin

respiratory pigment of red blood cells the increase the oxygen carrying capacity of blood (20mL—100mL)

4 polypeptides composed of heme (iron containing pigment) and globin(protein component)

when oxygen dissolves into plasma, hemoglobin forms weak bond with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin

partial pressure . -in lungs around 13.3 KPa, thus blood leaving lungs is nearly saturated in oxygen

as it enters capillaries in tissues, partial pressure drops to about 5.3 KPa, (drop in pressure causes dissociation or split of oxygen from hemoglobin and oxygen diffuses into tissues.)

20 times more soluble than oxygen (approximately 23% of CO2 is carried in blood by hemoglobin, 7% is carried by plasma, 70% is dissolved and carried in in blood as bicarbonate ions (H2CO3))

carbon dioxide and water combine to form bicarbonate ions with enzyme carbonic anhydrase

the concentration decreases (CO2) in plasma, maintaining low partial pressure so that CO2 continues to diffuse into blood from tissues

can create problem and change pH of blood resulting in death and must be buffered

it dissociates to bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions, then hemoglobin binds with hydrogen to act as a buffer

once the venous (deoxygenated) blood reaches lungs oxygen dislodges H+ and hemoglobin and free H+ and bicarbonate ions combine to form CO2 and water again. Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli to be exhaled

the diaphragm and rib muscles contracting and relaxing

dome shaped layer of muscle that separates thoracic cavity (region of lungs) from abdominal cavity (region of stomach and liver)

INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES- found between ribs and along ventral or inside surface of ribs

(inhalation)

begins with nerve stimulus that causes external intercostal muscles of ribs to contract, lifting rib cage up and out and at the same time diaphragm contracts to pull downward.

this causes an increase in volume of thoracic cavity and increase of gas molecules spread apart (less outward pressure) This change in pressure causes the walls of the lungs to expand outward into the thoracic cavity and air to rush into the lungs form the external.

exhalation

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and internal intercostal muscles contract - reducing volume of thoracic cavity

pressure will increase in lungs and air will be forced out of lungs to the low pressure of the environment

when air accumulates inside chest space between plural membranes that line the lungs and inner chest wall

pressure of air causes lung to collapse, normally caused by puncturing injury or lung damage (treatment is inserting a needle or chest tube between ribs to get rid of excess air)

chemoreceptors (nerve receptors, in medulla oblongata and detects levels if CO2)

volume of air inhaled and exhaled on a normal breath

additional amount of air that can be taken into lungs beyond regular tidal inhalation

additional amount of air tha can be expelled