HWHIS CH 9 SG

Bedouin

Nomadic Arab people known for herding livestock and living in the deserts of Arabia.

Mecca

The holiest city in Islam, considered the birthplace of Prophet Muhammad and the site of the Kaaba.

Medina

The second holiest city in Islam, where Prophet Muhammad migrated to and established the first Islamic community.

Hijrah

The migration of Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

Abu Bakr

The first Caliph of Islam and a close companion of Prophet Muhammad.

Ali

Cousin and son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad, the fourth Caliph in Sunni Islam, and the first Imam in Shia Islam.

Khadijah

The first wife of Prophet Muhammad and the first person to accept Islam.

Ramadan

The ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar, observed by fasting from dawn to sunset.

Abraham

A prominent figure in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, considered a prophet and patriarch.

Hagar

The second wife of Abraham and the mother of Ishmael in Islamic tradition.

Ishmael

The first son of Abraham, traditionally considered a forefather of the Arab people.

Kaaba

A cubic structure at the center of the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, regarded as the most sacred site in Islam.

Dhimmi

A historical term referring to non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with protected rights.

Umayyad Dynasty

The first hereditary Islamic caliphate, ruling from 661 to 750 CE.

Abbasid Dynasty

The second major Islamic caliphate, succeeding the Umayyads, ruling from 750 to 1258 CE.

Damascus

An ancient city in Syria, a significant center during various historical periods.

Baghdad

The capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, historically a major cultural and economic hub.

al-Khwarizmi

A Persian mathematician and scholar who made significant contributions to algebra and introduced the concept of algorithms.

al-Idrisi

A medieval geographer and cartographer known for his world map and geographical encyclopedia.

5 Pillars of islam

1. To bear witness to Allah as the sole god and accept Muhammad as His messenger.

2. To perform five daily prayers facing the direction of Mecca.

3. To contribute a fixed share of one's income to the state to support the poor and needy.

4. To abstain from eating, drinking, and engaging in sexual activity during the daylight hours of the month of Ramadan.

5. If one possesses the necessary resources, to undertake the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca.

Start of muslim calandar

The event that began the muslim calandar was the flight from mecca by mohammad and his followers in 622.

Muhammad

The last prophet in Islam who received God's revelations directly from the angel Gabriel. He was the first leader of the Muslim community.

Caliph

The successor to Muhammad and the supreme religious leader of the Islamic world. After 945, the caliph had no political power but served as the religious leader of all Muslims.

Jihad

A struggle or fight for the defense of Islam against non-Muslims. It can also refer to the personal spiritual struggle of a Muslim to maintain faith and righteousness.

Hajj

The pilgrimage to Mecca, which is required of all Muslims who can afford the trip. The pilgrimage commemorates the moment when Abraham was about to sacrifice his son Ishmael, but God provided a sheep as a substitute.

Qadi

A Muslim jurist who interprets and applies Islamic law.

Quran

The holy book of Islam, believed by Muslims to be the direct word of God as revealed to Muhammad. It was written around 650.

Hadith

Testimony recorded from Muhammad's friends and associates about his speech and actions. It is an important part of the Islamic textual tradition, second in importance only to the Quran.

Sunnis

The larger of the two main Islamic groups that formed after the death of Ali. Sunnis believe that the leader of Islam should be chosen by consensus and that legitimate claims to descent are only through the male line. They do not believe that Ali and Fatima's descendants can become caliph.

Shi'ites

One of the two main groups of Islam, who support Ali's claim to succeed Muhammad and believe that the grandchildren born to Ali and Fatima should lead the community. Shi'ites deny the legitimacy of the first three caliphs.

Astrolabe

A computational instrument used to determine the direction of Mecca for prayers and calculate one's location on Earth. It also functioned as a slide rule.

Ulama

Learned Islamic scholars who study the Quran, the hadith, and legal texts. They teach classes, preach, and resolve legal disputes.