Microbio Chapter 1

They are very adaptable and resistant

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Gut nutrient metabolism

a relationship in which one organism is harmed and the other is unaffected

Antimicrobial defense on skin

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Skin cells as food source

Neither species benefits or is harmed

Spores in soil

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

Tuberculosis and leprosy

binary fission

Proteobacteria Spirochete CFB group Planctomycetes] Phototrophic bacteria

Actinobacteria Firmicutes

Tenericutes

Alphaproteobacteria Betaproteobacteria Gammaproteobacteria Deltaproteobacteria Epsilonproteobacteria

Oligotrophs

bacteria capable of living in low nutrient environments

Rickettsia spp. Chlamydia spp.

causative agents for Rocky mountain spotted fever & typhus fevers​

causative agents ​for lymphogranuloma ​venereum (STD)​

they are both obligate intracellular and must have host to be metabolically active

Eutrophs

require a copious amount of organic nutrients

Bordetella spp. Neisseria gonorrhea Neisseria meningitides

causative agents whooping cough (pertussis) & kennel cough;​produces toxins to paralyze lung cilia

causative agent for gonorrhea STD​

causative agent for bacterial meningitis​

Pseudomonas Pasteurella Haemophilus Vibrio Legionella Enterobacter family

common infection of wounds, urinary tract, & respiratory tract

causative agent for severe pneumonia in animals​

causative agent for upper & lower respiratory infections (does not cause influenza)​

commonly found in alkaline environments such as ocean ports & lagoons

causative agent of cholera and common to water contamination​

causative agent for Legionnaire's disease and common to water contamination​

coliforms and noncoliforms

ferment lactose with acid and gas production

fermentation of lactose is incomplete or absent

includes E. coli, & Salmonella spp.

Sulfate reducing bacteria​

Desulfovibrio orale Parasitic Bdellovibrio spp. Myxobacteria

periodontal disease

soil dwelling "slime bacteria"

Campylobacter Helicobacter

common to food poisoning

commonly beneficial but can cause ulcers and stomach cancer in susceptible people

Spirochetes The CFB group Planctomycetes

Gram (-) extremely thin and hard to stain & culture have axial filament similar to flagella

Treponema pallidum Borrelia burgdorferi

causative agent for​syphilis

Lyme disease

Cytophaga spp. Fusobacteria spp. Bacteroides spp.

gliding system for motility (mechanisms mostly unknown)​

inhabit mouth and can cause various oral diseases

30% of gut microbiome; lower levels correlated with obesity

Found in aquatic environments: fresh, salt, and brackish​ Reproduce via budding instead of binary fission​ Sessile cells - immobile with holdfast appendage (a)​ Swarmer cells - motile, unable to reproduce (b)

Utilize sunlight as main source of energy via photosynthesis​ Oxygenic - produce O2​ Anoxygenic - do not produce O2​

Cyanobacteria

highly adaptable and diverse; chlorophyll; uses as biosorbents and human nutrition

Microsystis spp.

toxic algal blooms

Purple Purple non-sulfur Green Green non-sulfur

Actinobacteria Firmicutes

Grouping by guanine + cytosine content​ Phylum Actinobacteria - high G+C content (>50%)​ Phylum Firmicutes - low G+C content (<50%)

High G+C gram positive bacteria Extremely diverse​ Thin, filamentous to coccobacilli shaped​ Important to soil ecology​ Different peptidoglycans in cell wall​

Mycobacterium ​ Corynebacterium ​ Bifidobacterium​ Gardnerella

causative agent for tuberculosis & leprosy Acid fast (+) due to mycolic acid in cell wall

Most are non-pathogenic; ​C. diphtheria is causative agent for diphtheria Diaminopimelic acids in cell wall

Filamentous & anaerobic​ Frequently used as probiotic Extremely good for your gut

Causative agent for bacterial vaginosis Gram variable: inconsistent stain results

low G+C content​

Clostridium​ Streptococcus​ Lactobacillus​ Enterococcus​ Bacillus​ Staphylococcus

Endospore producers​ Soil dwelling​ Common food contaminant

agent for food poisoning and gangrene

producer of neurotoxin and agent for tetanus​

producer of botulinum neurotoxin

hospital infection, causes severe colitis​

Streptococcus​ Lactobacillus​ Enterococcus

bacilli and cocci

β-hemolytic cocci associated with pus production (pyogenic), strep throat

causes pneumonia, respiratory infections, and a wide range of other diseases

Facultative anaerobes​ non-spore formers​ significant component of gut ​microbiome​ starter cultures for ​yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, etc.

Diplicocci arrangement​ Anaerobic respiration​ Commensal gut microbe​ Common UTI pathogen​ E. faecium

bacillus shaped aerobes or facultative anaerobes​ Endospore producers​ Important to industrial microbiology

causative agent for anthrax

common food poisoning agent​

producer of insecticide compounds​

cocci shaped facultative anaerobes​ Halophilic​ Nonmotile

common agent of skin infections; some can produce enterotoxins for food poisoning​Some are very antibiotic resistant (MRSA & VRSA)​

common flora on skin; can cause infection to open wounds​

no cell wall and do not retain crystal violet​ (tenericute) pleomorphic​ Extremely small​ Cell wall antibiotics do not work​ Only classified by genome​

agent for walking pneumonia​

Genera and species that are most common to the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)

Aquificae Thermotogae Deinococci

gram (-) hyperthermophiles living in hot springs and oven vents

gram (-), hyperthermophilic anaerobes; sheath-like outer membrane

gram (+) polyextremophile (heat, vacuum, acidity tolerant)

Membranes with branched isoprene chains & ether linkages to phosphate head​ Walls of surface layer proteins​(some pseudopeptidoglycan)​ Genomes are much larger ​ Capable of methanogenesis​ Usually not in human microbiota​ Not directly associated with infectious diseases​

Esther linkages branched tails

Crenarchaeota​ Euryarchaeota

All aquatic microbes, many extremophiles

thermophiles & acidophiles; facultative anaerobic; used in biotech for production of affitins

strict anaerobic thermophiles; arguably deepest branching Archaea

mostly methanogens & anaerobes

Methanobacteria​ Methanococci​ Methanomicrobia