BME chapter 2 - Biomolecular Principles

proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

lipid molecules assembled to aid in anticancer drugs.

molecules with a net charge

electrons being transferred from one atom to another

positively charged ion

negatively charged ion

sharing of electrons

oxygen is slightly negative, hydrogen is slightly positive

act of transferring foreign DNA into a cell

when a partially positive hydrogen atom in a polar bond is attracted to a slightly negative atom (O, N, F) in a neighboring molecule, holds large molecules together

all atoms are held together by covalent or ionic bonds

collections of molecules held together often by weak bonds (ie. hydrogen bonds) held together in a single unit

type of molecular complex that speeds up chemical conversions

weak noncovalent attraction, usually results from temporary and unequal electron distributions around atoms

water-rich

when hydrophobic molecules aggregate together to exclude water as best as they can, driving force in protein folding

molecules that contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups (ie. phospholipids used to make liposomes)

excess of acid in the body fluids, as may occur in kidney disease or diabetes

nucleotide that is the most important molecule for capturing and transferring free energy in cells, hydrolysis of each of the two high-energy phosphoanydride bonds in ATP is accompanied by a large energy change

a water channel protein that allows water molecules to cross the cell membrane much more rapidly than through the phospholipid bilayer

a compound usually containing nitrogen that can accept a proton

the state of a reaction when the forward and reverse reaction are occurring at the same time

a sequence the nucleotide bases of which match or hybridize (mirror image) with original sequence

opposite of hydrolysis

5 carbon sugar of DNA

referring to a chemical concentration that absorbs heat

a thermodynamic property of chemicals that indicates the amount of internal energy

protein-aided transport of molecules across a membrane down its concentration gradient

a reaction where all of the reaction rates are equal to the rate constant x concentration

rate of transfer fluid, particles, or energy across a given surface

a chemical reaction that describes the formation of a compound from the most stable form of its components

hexose sugar especially found in fruits

hexose sugar that is a constituent of lactose and other polysaccharides

hereditary info that is carried by nucleic acids

G6 H12 O6

two hydrocarbon chains linked to a polar head group containing carbs

protein linked to oligosaccharides

the process of two single strands of DNA assembling into double-stranded DNA

a form of RNA in which genetic information transcribed from RNA is transferred to the ribosome

pH 7

water and small uncharged molecules (O2 and CO2) passing through the plasma membrane

five-carbon sugar

small polymer containing less than 30 amino acids

making polymers from a collection of monomers

five-carbon sugar part of RNA

process where genetic info contained represented as DNA nucleotides is copied into newly synthesized strands of RNA

process where a sequence of nucleotide triplets in mRNA gives rise to a specific sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis