😱AP Biology Chapter 9: The Cell Cycle

________ and colleagues at the University of Wisconsin wanted to determine whether kinetochore microtubules depolymerize at the kinetochore end or the pole end as chromosomes move toward the poles during mitosis.

The ________ (DNA) of a cell- its genome- is partitioned among chromosomes.

A(n) ________ in single- celled organisms in which the cell grows to roughly double its size and then divides into two cells.

To treat known or suspected ________, chemotherapy is used, in which drugs that are toxic to actively dividing cells are administered through the circulatory system.

A(n) ________ in the cell cycle where stop and go- ahead signals can regulate the cycle.

The ________ acts as a that attaches the motor of the spindle to the cargo that it moves- the chromosome.

________ is usually followed by cytokinesis.

The process of nuclear division in ________ is conventionally divided into five stages.

Chromatids are eventually separated during mitosis or ________ II.

(2) A(n) ________ that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.

A(n) ________ often has a singular, circular chromosome, which is found in the nucleoid, a region that is not enclosed by a membrane.

________ is carried out by a molecular system, including proteins called cyclins and other proteins that are kinases.

During ________, DNA replication produces sister chromatids, which persist during G2 of interphase and through prophase, prometaphase, and metaphase of mitosis.

During ________, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase.

________: The continuity of life depends on a cell cycle in which genetic information from a parent cell is passed on to daughter cells.

The ________ and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes (the second stage of mitosis)

________ are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun (the fifth and final stage of mitosis)

Bacterial ________ by binary fission: The bacterium E. coli, shown here, has a single, circular chromosome.

There are three major checkpoints in the control system, found in ________, G2, and M phases in a normal cell cycle.

________: The complex of DNA and proteins that make up eukaryotic chromosomes.

Experiment: Researchers at the ________ wondered whether a cells progression through the cell cycle is controlled by cytoplasmic molecules.

A(n) ________ in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule- organizing center and is important during cell division.

________ condense as a part of cell division, and each chromatin fiber becomes densely coiled and folded, making the ________ shorter and thicker.

________ unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.

The ________ and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.

A(n) ________ attached to the centrosome that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.

A(n) ________ of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis.

The chromosome has four ________.

The mitotic spindle at metaphase: The kinetochores of each chromosomes two ________ face in opposite directions.

When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a(n) ________.

________ reproduce by cell division; multicellular organisms depend on cell division for their development from a fertilized egg and for growth and repair.

A chicken has 78 chromosomes in its ________.

When the ________ is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.

An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that are involved in the ________ during mitosis.

The division of the cytoplasm to form two ________ immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.

Chromosome: A cellular structure consisting of one ________ molecule and associated protein molecules.

________: A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule- organizing center and is important during cell division (moves away during prophase)

During ________ in bacteria, the chromosome replicates and the daughter chromosomes actively move apart.

In the ________, mitosis distributes the daughter chromosomes to daughter nuclei, and cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells.

Since prokaryotes preceded eukaryotes by more than a billion years, it is likely that mitosis evolved from ________.

________ allow cellular surveillance mechanisms to determine whether the cell is prepared to go to the next stage.

A(n) ________ made by blood cell fragments called platelets is required to divide cultures of fibroblasts.

Each ________ consists of one DNA molecule associated with many proteins.

________ cells by binding to a cell- surface receptor that then becomes phosphorylated, activating it so that it sends a signal.

The ________, called the "restriction point "in mammalian cells, determines whether a cell will complete the cell cycle and divide or switch into the G0 phase.

________: A centrosome has a pair of centrioles.

The ________ is composed of and _.

Both ________ and external signals control the cell cycle checkpoints via signal transduction pathways.

The ________ of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organisms or viruss genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.

________ in a plant cell: These light micrographs show ________ in cells of an onion root.

The continuity of life depends on a cell cycle in which genetic information from a parent cell is passed on to daughter cells

A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules

The complex of DNA and proteins that make up eukaryotic chromosomes

Most closely attached

Each of the strands from the chromosome (1 chromatid in a chromosome, a duplicated chromosome has two sister chromatids)

A centrosome has a pair of centrioles

A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division (moves away during prophase)

Chromosomes (stained purple) are visible within the nucleus of this cell from an African blood lily

chromosome, chromatin, and chromatid

the G1, S, and G2 phases

In a dividing cell, the mitotic (M) phase alternates with interphase, a growth period

The kinetochores of each chromosomes two sister chromatids face in opposite directions

These light micrographs show mitosis in cells of an onion root

The bacterium E. coli, shown here, has a single, circular chromosome

Some unicellular eukaryotes existing today have mechanisms of cell division that may resemble intermediate steps in the evolution of mitosis (Dinoflagellates)

Some unicellular eukaryotes existing today have mechanisms of cell division that may resemble intermediate steps in the evolution of mitosis (Diatoms and some yeasts)

Tubulin-like molecules are thought to act in daughter cell separation, and actin-like molecules are thought to move the daughter bacterial chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell

Researchers at the University of Colorado wondered whether a cells progression through the cell cycle is controlled by cytoplasmic molecules

The results of fusing a G1 cell with a cell in the S or M phase of the cell cycle suggest that molecules present in the cytoplasm during the S or M phase control the progression to those phases

In this diagram of the cell cycle, the flat "stepping stones" around the perimeter represent sequential events

At certain checkpoints in the cell cycle (red gates), cells do different things depending on the signals they receive

Normal Mammalian Cells

Cancer Cells

A series of genetic and cellular changes contribute to a tumor becoming malignant (cancerous)