WHAP: Chapter 19 Reading Quiz

Ottoman Christian boys taken from their village by the Devshirme system. Devshirme boys were later trained into Vizieres, high-level bureaucrats, or Janissaries, military soldiers that were hired to protect the sultan.

They masterminded coups against the palace and became a political power which caused for a loss of military power, effective centralization, and the power balance between the sultan and semi-idependent governors.

• Caucus and Central Asia to Russia

• Western frontiers to Austrian Empire

• Greece and Serbia to Independence

• Egypt to Napoleon/Muhammad Ali

Loss of trade due to new European trade through the Atlantic Ocean caused a rise in imports of manufactured textiles, riots from domestic workers, and new infrastructure financed from European capital.

They are extraterrestrial rights for citizens of other countries while visiting countries such as China, Japan, and the Ottoman Empire.

They humiliated officials because of the lack of reign and control over the people and business in their command.

It mean increased difficulty paying the incomes of palace employees, military, an religious figures which reduced moral, recruitment, an increase in corruption, and increased exploitation of peasants and a decline in agricultural production.

He was a Sultan of the Ottoman Empire who sought to reform the military force.

He remodeled according to European forces with modern weapon and techniques.

They reacted violently with riots that ended up killing new troops, locking up the sultan, killing all male member of the dynasty besides Muhmud II

A restoration of the traditional Ottoman military but with a modern army, modern weapons/tactics, which caused a massacre of Janissaries by new loyal troops. Increase in education with military, engineering, secondary, scientific, and technical schools. Additionally he added more modern infrastructure to increase communication and connection throughout the empire.

1839-1876, army, legal, and educational reforms at a faster rate. Introduces commercial, penal, maritime, and civil code to protect civil and legal rights of citizens. New primary and secondary school systems were also introduced. Both of these undermined the Ulama’s power.

• Traditional Muslims =

  • don’t like extension of legal equality to Jews and Christians

• Young Ottomans = (no common goal)

  • want secular revolution

  • Islam as a guide for ruling

  • individual freedom

  • local autonomy

  • political decentralization

  • constitutional government

  • balance and check system on the bureaucracy.

• Young Turks = In Paris,

  • use newspapers to spread word

  • universal suffrage

  • legal equality

  • religious freedom

  • free public education

  • secularization of the state

  • emancipation of women

  • restoration of parliament & constitution

  • made Mehmed V Rashid a puppet sultan

  • made Turkish national language

  • Syrian and Iraq peoples dislike reforms

Reforms end up not being able to save the empire = only survives because Europe can’t split it up

He was a sultan appointed by radicals after a coup. He accepted a constitution that limited his authority (got rid of it in <1 yr), dissolved parliament, exiled liberals, executed people, developed army and administration = police force, education with modern knowledge in STEM+European life/politics, economic development, railroads

• multiethnic + multilingual + multicultrual

  • half the population speaks Russian / follows Russian Orthodoxy

• Serfdom was what most peasants were involved in

• Powerful nobles that were exempt from taxes

After beating the Ottomans in the Balkan providences, Russia wanted to rule/protect the Ottoman Empire = upset European power balance → Britain, France, Sardinia, Ottoman Empire vs Russia = lower industrialization = defeat

A manifesto that allowed the emancipation of ~ 23 million serfs under the rule of Tsar Alexander II

• Rights to full citizenship

• Right to marry without consent

• Right to own property

• Low political rights

• Have to pay taxes on land

• Mir (society) communally own lands = can’t sell land

  • 1906-1914 caused a breaking of communes + individual peasant landowners

• Debt for the rest of their lives

Elected district assemblies that took care of health, education and welfare. The votes that elected the assembly were mainly chosen by the tsarist autocracy and were loyal to the autocracy

Independent judges, appellate courts, trials for criminal offenses, electer justices → attorney + other legal experts as jobs

Minister of finance, made policies to stimulate economic development, Trans-Siberian railway construction → stimulates other industries + added new settlement, exploitation and industrialization, remodeled state bank, encouraged savings banks, used foreign loans from France and Belgium for the development of steel and coal industries.

Low work and life conditions → revolts → reforms to limit work hours and outlaw protest → increased receptiveness to revolutionary propaganda

Foreign investors and a new business class benefited nad had no moral, material, or ideological reasons to challenge rule.

Peasants and intelligentsia, they were at the core, lead the protest in hopes of social and political reform, goals similar to European socialism but with less individuality. Many were anarchists and wanted universal suffrage and a government of people for the people. Used terror tactics and assassination to get this across

Police arrested idealists and sent them to Siberia or prison, censorship of publications increased. With ethnic tensions, protesters usually using schools as a way to educate on revolutionary ideas, people underwent Russification and Pogroms, violent riots against Jews.

Revolutionary groups like Land and Freedom Party and People’s Will assassinated prominent officials and Alexander II → Nicolas II as the new Tsar. Nicolas II increased police force, repression, and expansion → Russo-Japanese War (all bc Russia wanted Korea) which they lost = no more navy (at least not in big numbers)

Russo-Japanese War → protests → repression and the Bloody Sunday Massacre = mutiny/unrest/revolutions lead by soviets. This forced the Tsar to make the Duma, didn’t have enough power to overthrow the government. Violence flared and ethnic tensions added to revolutionary sentiments

They were Chinese firms with special licenses to buy and sell goods at set prices and under strict regulations from the government

• Cause:

  • European travelers came to China with Opium and smuggled it across borders (1.182k lbs)

    • caused a drain in Chinese silver

  • 1838 Lin Zexu tasked with destroying the trade = destroys 20 k chests

• Effect:

  • Opium War

    • shows difference between modern European military vs traditional Chinese military

    • Britain goes after Grand Canal = Chinese surrender

  • Lots of military setbacks with Britain, France, and Japan

  • Unequal Treaties

    • Treaty of Nanjing

      • forced China to agree to an end of Opium War

      • gave Hong Kong to Britain

      • Opened 5 Chinese ports to foreign commerce + residence

      • extraterritoriality to British citizens

      • allowed for more countries to continue to make treaties simmilar to this

    • Others allow:

      • Christian missions

      • legal Opium trade

      • prevent tariffs on imports

      • increase foreign merchants control on Chinese economy

      • dismantle Chinese tributary state system

        • take Korea, Vietnam, and Myanmar