Nervous system TBL (chapter 5)

responsible for receiving sensory information from receptors that detect stimuli and transmit to the CNS (afferent)

somatic sensory and visceral sensory

detect stimuli we can perceive (proprioception, smell, sight, taste, touch)

stimuli that we typically do not perceive (chemical composition of blood, stretch of an organ wall)

responsible for initiating and transmitting motor output from the CNS to effectors (efferent)

somatic and autonomic

initiates and transmits motor output from the CNS to skeletal muscle

innervates and regulates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands without our control

sympathetic and parasympathetic

brain and spinal cord

nerves and ganglia

largest/main portion of the brain.

responsible for the highest level of mental functions.

composed of the R and L cerebral hemispheres and the corpus callosum.

frontal

parietal

temporal

occipital

relay station for body sensation

location of pain perception

hormone function and behavior control

coordination of motor movement

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

center for visual reflexes

bridge/pathway

automatic control of respiration and heart rate

control of muscle coordination, tone and posture

continuation of the medulla that runs from the foramen magnum to the conus medullaris

group of nerve roots

passageway for the spinal cord

where the spinal nerve root exits the vertebral canal

unmyelinated fibers that is in the shape of an “H”

posterior and anterior

transmits sensory impulses

transmit motor impulses

myelinated, contains ascending and descending fiber pathways

transmit sensations of proprioception, pressure, and vibration

intervention of skeletal muscle in the extremities

play a key role in skilled motor control

intervention of trunk and proximal extremities muscle

spasticity

no significant muscle atrophy

no fasciculations or fibrillations present

hyperreflexia

(+) babinski reflex

(+) clonus (phasic stretch response)

muscle flaccidity

significant muscle atrophy

fasciculations and fibrillations present

hyporeflexia

no babinski

no clonus present

cell body that is housed in the cerebral cortex, cerebral nuclei or the brainstem

cell body that is housed in the anterior horn of the spinal cord or within a brainstem cranial nerve nucleus

Spinal cord injuries

Multiple sclerosis

Parkinsonism

Cerebral vascular accident (stroke)

Head injuries

Muscular dystrophy

Poliomyelitis

Myasthenia gravis

Peripheral nerve injuries

Extend off of the brain

extend off of the spinal cord

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8

12

5

1

the vertebral column above the corresponding vertebra

C8

when the dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) nerve roots join

sensory fibers that supply an area on the skin

when at least two spinal nerves have lost function

when portion of the spinal nerves join together

cervical- c1-c4

brachial plexus- c5-t1

lumbosacral plexus- l1-s5

musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, and ulnar nerves

spina bifida

hydrocephalus

cerbral palsy

spinal cord injury

Congenital Defect in which posterior segments of some of the vertebra fail to close during embryonic development

Congenital or acquired defect involving CSF production, absorption and flow through the ventricles and subarachnoid space.  Excessive accumulation leads to enlargement of the ventricles and pressure on the brain

Non-progressive upper motor neuron disorders of the brain.

Caused by trauma, disease, blood clots

Impairments depend on the injury level and if the injury is complete or incomplete

Can involve sensory, motor or both

Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Bell’s Palsy

Scapular winging

Thoracic outlet syndrome

Erb’s palsy

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Sciatica

paralysis of the arm caused by injury to the brachial plexus, specifically the severing of the upper trunk C5–C6 nerves.

A type of nerve damage that can occur if you have diabetes. High blood glucose can injure nerves throughout the body. Nerves in the legs and feet are most commonly affected.

tingling, burning, numbness and impaired motor function.

viral infection or direct pressure to the nerve

(CTS, scapular winging, bell’s palsy, thoracic outlet syndrome)