Chemistry Chapter 5

a form of energy that exhibits wavelike behavior as it travels through space

the shortest distance between 2 equivalent points on a continuous wave

meter or nanometer

lambda, λ

the number of waves that pass a given point per second

hertz, 1/s

nu, ν

the wave's height from the origin to a crest or trough

c (speed of light, m/s) = λ (wavelength, m or nm) * ν (frequency, hertz)

Wavelength and frequency vary ________.

a spectrum that includes all forms of electromagnetic radiation

a theory created by Max Planck to explain how matter lost and gained only small, specific amounts of energy

the minimum amount of energy that can be lost or gained or gained by an atom

a particle-like bundle of energy without mass that carries a quantum of electromagnetic energy

E (energy, joules) = h (Planck's constant, joules * seconds) * ν (frequency, hertz)

the method of studying substances exposed to energy

the pattern of energy studied in spectroscopy

the set of frequencies or wavelengths of the electromagnetic waves emitted by atoms of the element

Each element produces a ________ line spectrum.

an early atomic model of the hydrogen atom that was developed by studying the emission spectrum of hydrogen

the electron can only posses certain quantities of energy/ have certain allowed energy states

the lowest and most stable energy state

any state of energy that is more than the lowest amount

the electron moves around the nucleus in certain allowed circular orbits

Electrons should be thought of as ________ spread out in space. (Louis de Broglie)

The act of ________ disturbs the object being measured.

states that it is fundamentally impossible to know precisely both the velocity and position of a particle at the same time

modern atomic model, a mathematical equation that treated an electron as a wave and solved the equation for the hydrogen atom

1

The ________ the electron, the higher the energy level

a subdivision of an energy level, assigned a letter: s, p, d, or f

the volume around the nucleus in which the electron is likely to be found

spherical, 1 orientation

dumbbell, 3 orientations

cloverleaf, 4 orientations, dumbbell with donut, 1 orientation (5 orientations in total)

7 different orientations

The orbitals in the higher energy levels are ________ than the orbitals in the lower energy levels

2

6

10

14

a notation for showing how electrons are arranged in energy sublevels

How many electrons can be in a sublevel

sublevels are "filled" with electrons starting with the lowest energy sublevel

a set of four numbers used to describe the properties in electrons in an atom

states that each electron in an atom has a unique set of 4 quantum numbers and that 2 electrons can be in an orbital only if they have opposite spins

noble gas in brackets and portion of configuration that remains

notation used to depict electrons in orbitals

the most stable arrangement of electrons within a sublevel is one with greatest number of parallel spins

electrons with the same amount of energy

notation used tp symbolize atom's valence electrons

the electrons in the outermost (largest) orbitals, determine element's properties