Studied by 22 peopleIn the past 65 years, global population has increased by a factor of
about 3.0 (approximately tripled)
In the past 65 years, US population has
increased by a factor of about 2
To the nearest 1 billion people, what is the human population on Earth now?
8 billion
Approximately what was the 2004 UN medium projected peak population at the end of this century?
9 billion
How about the 2019 UN medium projected population in 2100
11 billion
When do you think was the last year when per capita energy consumption in the US was equal to the current global average of about 2500 Watts per person?
1776
Over the past century, global human energy consumption has increased by a factor of about
10
US oil production peaked in 1970. True or False?
False (Peaked sometime recently, around 2010-2020s I think)
Over the past 150 years, global per capita energy consumption has increased by a factor of
9
I think that average, global per capita energy consumption should
increase
What is an external cost?
impact of producing a commodity borne by "the public"
In acid rain, the pH is
lower than normal (higher = basic, lower = acidic)
Emissions from burning coal, smelting copper, etc, that cause acid rain include
Sulfur oxides + Nitrogen oxides
How was seafloor spreading discovered?
marine magnetic measurements
Where is the present day spreading center
C
What has been the average spreading rate over the past 50 million years?
1 cm/yr
Subduction zones are also called
convergent plate boundaries
Mid-ocean ridges, aka spreading centers, are also called
divergent plate boundaries
True or False? Continental crust is more dense than oceanic crust
False
True or False? Continental crust is more SiO2 rich than oceanic crust
True (idk kinda makes sense that crust has more oxygen stuff idk)
True or False? Continental crust has higher Mg, Fe and Mg/(Mg + Fe) than oceanic crust
False
True or False? Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust
True
Continental crust is
up to 4 billion years old
Oceanic crust is
less than 200 million years old
Continental crust is
felsic
Oceanic crust is
mafic
Compatible elements:
fit in crystals that form at high temperature during crystallization major elements: Ni, Cr, Co if sulfur is included, sulfide minerals contain some platinum group elements (PGE's), Cu
Incompatible elements:
don't fit in crystals, instead stay in melt during early stages of crystallization most other elements, including rare earth elements (REE's), Au, Ag
Where are compatible elements?
in mafic oceanic crust and mafic intrusions
Where are incompatible elements?
in felsic continental crust (Au + Ag are incompatible and u find those in caves in Minecraft)
highest T/P?
mid-ocean ridge (higher temperature, lower pressure)
lowest T/P?
subduction zone (lower temperature, higher pressure)
Three main kinds of rocks
igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary
What gases are major constituents of Earth's atmosphere, but minor on Venus and Mars?
Oxygen, nitrogen
Why does the Earth's atmosphere have so much more O2 than on Venus and Mars?
Photosynthesis
A reserve is
the amount of a commodity economically and legally extractable today
The Earth's early atmosphere, like volcanic gases today, probably did not contain abundant
O2 (Oxygen)
The most abundant gas in the Martian and Venutian atmospheres (> 90%) is
CO2
After the most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere, which is N2, the second most abundant gas (> 20%) is
O2
What factors, other than the amount and concentration of some commodity in the deposit, help to determine the size of reserves?
Price Changing cost to produce due to added internal costs (pollution controls) and improved extraction technology Regulations, tariffs, policy changes
In the context of the terminology for "reserve" versus "resource," a resource is
the total amount of ultimately extractable commodity
Three types of sedimentary rocks are
clastic, biogenic, evaporite (also abiotic chemical, phosphorous, iron)
You are an oil exploration geologist. Where should we look?
thick, undeformed, shallow water sediments along passive continental margins and in former shallow ocean basins on land
What is the SI unit for J/s?
Watts
How many seconds in a year
3.15 x 10^7 (60 sec x 60 min x 24 hrs x 365.25 days, looks like pi x 10^7)
Compared to CH4 (methane) and other hydrocarbons, CO2 is
Oxidized
Coal is mainly formed by thermal maturation at depth of
reduced plant material
Oil is mainly formed by thermal maturation at the depth of
reduced microbial material
C + O2 =
CO2 + energy
CH4 + (???)O2 = (???)CO2 + (???)H2O
2, 1, 2 (CH4 + 2O2 = 1CO2 + 2H2O <-- 4 oxygens returns 4 oxygens)
Oxidation of carbon and hydrocarbons are
Spontaneous, releasing energy in the form of heat (Remember C + O2 = CO2 + energy)
Combustion
Oxidation, spontaneous, release energy in the form of heat
Reduction of CO2 to make hydrocarbons
Not spontaneous, requires input of energy (e.g., solar energy, photosynthesis)
Oil is found
In shallow marine sediments that have been buried at 1 to 4 km depth
The amount of oil hat can ever be recovered on Earth is
the size of a resource
Correctly match the letters to the product associated with each zone
A -biogenic gas, B - oil, C - thermogenic gas
What is the typical temperature and depth interval for oil maturation?
50 to 170 degrees C, 1.5 km to 3.5 km
Mars and Venus have atmospheres with more than 95% CO2, as did early Earth, whereas at present Earth's atmosphere contains only 400 ppm CO2 (0.04%). Where is most of the missing carbon?
In sedimentary rocks
Are carbonates e.g., calcite CaCO3, dolomite CaMg(CO3)2, and magnesite MgCO3, useful energy resources?
NO
Which is a better fuel, coal with a molar carbon/oxygen ratio of 1, or coal with a molar carbon/oxygen ratio of 10?
10
Note
Flashcard