Chemistry

* Almost any sample of matter—a rock, a piece of wood, a butterfly wing—is made up of smaller bits. Your phone, for example, is made up of several components, including the display with its light-emitting diodes, the battery, the camera, and the silicon processors that power it.
* Memory and computi

Chapter 2 - The Components of Matter

World History

# Global Communism

* The political and intellectual origins of modern communism may be traced back to nineteenth-century European socialism, which was influenced by Karl Marx's ideas. Despite the fact that most European socialists came to think that they could achieve their aims peacefully and demo

Chapter 21 - Revolution, Socialism, and Global Conflict

# **Chapter 5.1: The energy of Physical, Chemical, and Nuclear Processes**

* **Thermodynamics: a study of energy and energy transfer**
* **Thermochemistry: the study of energy involved in chemical reactions**
* Studying Energy Changes:
  * **Law of conservation of energy: the total energy of the un

Chapter 5 - Energy and Change

Chapter 12 - Alcohol, Thiols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones

# **Chapter 7.1: Recognizing Equilibrium**

* **Equilibrium: products and reactants are occurring simultaneously at the same rate. water in a closed jar has the number of evaporating molecules and number of condensing molecules equal**
* Chemical processes that reach equilibrium:
  * **Homogeneous e

Chapter 7 - Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium

# 1.1 - Chemistry: A Science for the Twenty-First Century

* Chemistry is sometimes referred to as the "core science" because pupils must have a fundamental understanding of the subject.
  * Chemistry is the study of matter and the processes that it goes through.
* Chemistry is an old subject, but i

Chapter 1 - Chemistry: The Study of Change

# Turning Points in Early World History

* Charles Darwin was an archeologist and anthropologist who found that leading homo sapiens diverged from that leading to chimpanzees about 5 to 6 million years ago.
* **Bipedalism:** The ability to walk upright on two legs.
* Mary leaky an archeologist disco

Chapter 1 - First Things First Beginning in History to 600 B.C.E.

# 5.1 - Substances That Exist as Gases

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# 5.2 - Pressure of a Gas

* Any place exposed to Earth's atmosphere feels a force equal to the weight of the air column above it.
  * The pressure exerted by the Earth's atmosphere is known as atmospheric pressure.
* The barometer is arguably the most well-

Chapter 5 - Gases

# 10.1 - Molecular Geometry

* This method is based on the idea that electron pairs in an atom's valence shell reject one another.
  * The valence shell is an atom's outermost electron-occupied shell, and it contains the electrons engaged in bonding.
  * The valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VS

Chapter 10 - Chemical Bonding II

# 3.1 - Classification of Matter

* Matter is anything with weight and space.
  * Matter shall be classed as a mixture or pure substance.
* Fixed compositions have pure substances or compounds and variable compounds have mixtures.
* The substances can be separated by physical methods in mixtures.

 

Chapter 3 - Matter and Energy

# 20.1 - Earth’s Atmosphere

* The process of photosynthesis produces oxygen as a key by-product.
  * The photodecomposition of water vapor by UV light is another key source of oxygen.
* The more reactive gases, such as ammonia and methane, have mostly vanished through time, and our atmosphere now p

Chapter 20 - Chemistry in the Atmosphere

# 13.1 - Carbohydrates

* Carbs are classified as single sugars, disaccharides, or polysaccharides carbohydrates.
  * Monosaccharides are aldehydes or ketones of polyhydroxy.
* In their count of carbonic atoms monosaccharides are also classified: triosis, tetrosis, pentose, or hexoses.

# 13.2 - Chi

Chapter 13 - Carbohydrate

# 7.1 - The Mole

* One element mole contains a mixture of 6.02 x 10^23; a mole of a compound contains a mold of 6.02 \* 10^23.

# 7.2 - Molar Mass

* Any substance has a molar mass (g/mole) equal to its numerical atomic mass in grams or the sum of the atomic masses, which were multiplied in a formu

Chapter 7 - Chemical Quantities and Reactions

# European Empires in the Americas

* Western Europe's empires were unique among early modern empires in that the conquered lands were located across an ocean rather than contiguous to the imperial heartland. Following Columbus's groundbreaking expeditions, the Spanish concentrated their empire-buil

Chapter 13 - Political Transformation

# 23.1 - Properties of the Transition Metals

* Strong metallic bonding result from the combination of tight packing and small atomic size.
  * As a result, transition metals have greater densities, melting points, boiling points, and fusion and vaporization temps.
* Transition metal complexes have 

Chapter 23 - Transition Metals Chemistry and Coordination Compounds

# **The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain:**

* Many things led to this revolution. Some of these were the emergence of capitalism, European imperialism, efforts to mine coal, and the effects of the Agricultural Revolution.

  ## **Technology Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization:**


Chapter 20 -&nbsp;The Industrial Revolution and its Impact on European Society

* Chemistry is so important to understanding health and biology, environmental science, and many fields of engineering and industrial processes that it is now required for a growing number of academic degrees.
* Furthermore, chemical concepts are essential to some of the most important socio-economi

Chapter 1 - Keys to Studying Chemistry: Definitions, Units, and Problem-Solving

# **Chapter 8.1: Explaining the Properties of Acids and Bases**

* The Arrhenius Theory of Acids and Bases:
  * An acid is a substance that dissociates in water to form H+
  * A base is a substance that dissociates in water to form OH−
* **Hydronium ion, H3O+(aq):** hydrated proton
  * Makes hydroge

Chapter 8 - Acids, Bases, and pH

# 15.1 - Brønsted Acids and Bases

* The conjugate acid-base pair, which can be described as an acid and its conjugate base or a base and its conjugate acid, is an expansion of the Bronsted definition of acids and bases.
* There is a conjugate foundation of each Brønsted acid and a conjugate base of

Chapter 15 - Acids and Bases

# 9.1 - Lewis Dot Symbols

* Chemists utilize Lewis dot symbols, a system of dots invented by Lewis, to keep track of valence electrons in a chemical process and ensure that the total number of electrons does not change.
  * A Lewis dot symbol is made up of the element's symbol plus one dot for each