Russia of the Czars

Kremlin = fortress inside of a city

• Kremlin complex inside the church

Novadevichy cemetry - more political military leaders while on the other side there were more culutral heros.

Cemetry of the Famous →

Chekoff →

Gogul, in the grave the body was found in a fetal position and everybody thinks he was buried alive.

Tretchopov → created a gallery which is just russian art.

Petrograd (peters city) → look totally differnt from Moscow, more like berlin, prague, budapest, there are statues, equestrian statues. Canals to connect bridges.

Western Europe Church Designs → does not look Russian and looks like something from Rome.

The Hermitage → Kathryn was a patriot of the arts. Looked like the MET on steroids. Lookes like a western palace, like walking around the Versailles.

• There is also a summer palace, 40 fountin complexes each designed differentyl. There is a canal that goes to the Gulf of Finland is about 140 miles long. This fountain is the entrance to the palace.

POINT → How are they getting money for these structures?

• As ships come to petersburg there making money off of fur.

ricoco style - completely russian whit the way they were using materials

Alexander the 2nd

• he tried to modernize but was assasinated

• their was a tribute to a Fallen Czar (Alexander)

Russia and the Czars

→ Romanov Dynasty

Imperial Russia

1613-1917

Imperial Capital from 1703: Petersburg/petrograd

PETER THE GREAT (11696 - 1725)

• opposing person

• dressed western like - he is not going to look like a scruffy orthodox priest. He wants the westerm military style in uniforms and the western manners such as eaiting with their hands.

• Moved the capital to the Baltic Sea - built along European Models → He moved to London and learn how to build ships. Learning what it takes to be a Merchamt emperor. He wanted to see what was going on and being it back to his country. He brought back the potato from germany, Cartoshka ( russian). The Russians did not know what to do with the potato so they grew it and ate the greens causing sicknesses, and grew them so wel it created a surplus. The potatos had starch, which had sugar, and this thus created VODKA. the potato was the cause of the VODKA.

• Western dress and manners

• Beard Tax → want to dress western you have to pay tax.

ALEXANDER I (1801 - 1825)

• Came to power upon assassination of father by nobles - he was eldest son.

• Fought off Napoleon

• Fought of Nationalism by the Poles and others

• Pushed Russia onto the international stage w/alliances.

CONSTANTINE VS NICHOLAS

• Alexander I dies in November 1825 without heirs.

• Two younger brothers vie for the throne - caused the Decembrist Revolt

• constantine doesnt look like he will be on the throne, not confident. Constantine doesnt wnat to do it and doesnt have the kind of ambission to take the throne

• SO Nicholas wins and takes the throne.

NICHOLAS I (rule 1825 - 1855)

• supressed Decembrist revolt (army officers)

• Involved Russia in Greece; surpressed Hungarian revolt for Austria

• Crimean War started under him

• Pushkin was a favorite in the Decmbrist revolt he was a writer and was sent to Armenia

ALEXANDER II (rule 1855-1881)

• Emancipation Edict (1861) freed the serfs and gave them hopes for land reform(the serfs can buy and own their own land) to modernize

• COnsequence is freedom of movement - you have to go quit and get a job

• Modernized the Military after the defeat in the Crimenan war.

• New legal system with levels of courts introdues

• Railroads built - he started making rairoads in russia.

• 4 unsuccessful assassination attempts…but..

ASSASSINATION BY ANARCHISTS

• some people said Alexander II already had gone too far with reforms

• Others were not content with reforms - wanted to overthrow the entire system

• PEOPLES WILL anarchist group

ALEXANDER III(R. 1881 - 1894)

• RUSSIFICATION - EVERYONE IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE WILL LEARN RUSSIAN

• ORTHODOXY - PUT OUT THE ORTHODOX XHURXH, THE CATHOLICCHURCHES WILL BE CLOSED DOWN

• AUTOCRACY - THE CZAR RULES

• pograms against the Jews

• Peoples will tried again to assassinate; Alexander Ulanov ( Lenins older brother) executed as a state terrorist.

NICHOLAS II(R 1894 - 1917)

• last Czar - wife is german

• Aloof, weird, has no spirit

• Surrounded by advisors (some are german)

• Russo-Japanese War loss hurts credibility

• Bloody Sunday

• October Manifesto/Duma

FIRST REVOLUTION

• 1905 protests, strikers, workers are trying to unite

• Bloody Sunday

• Defeat in Russo-Japanese war

• October Minfesto - Duma

• CRISIS! CRISIS

• RELATIONSHIP WITH EUROPE

  • the russian czar is close to Queen Victoria

THE CZARS SON ALEXI - NICHOLAS SON WHO HAD 4 DAUGHTERS AND ONE SON

• had only one son as heir

• HEMOPHILIA

• Rasputin, the Mad Monk claimed he could heal.

WORLD WAR 1/RASPUTIN

• looks scary

• disastriously unprepared for war

• Czar fires his commander; takes charge personally

• rumors circle that he was sleeping with the daughters

• Behind the scenes: Rasputin is casting his spell over the family.

• Rasputin killed

• body is thrown in the niveau river and survived and then fell backinto the river and then rowned after 12 bullet holes because everyone had enough of this guy.

Rasputin is killed

→ socialist revolutionaries and then all the way to the right is the communist party (different views)

Menshaviks - mensh = small

• they make up almost 90% of russians

Bolsheviks

• they are around 10% of russians

• Each have their ideas of Karl Mar and socialism but one thing they agree on is they need to be talking to each other and talk to the workers.

SRs, Molskeviks, and Bolskeviks are all combining to organize in these factories. They are a wrokers council also known as Soviet.

worker council = soviet

Union of the soviet social republic is what is created. - soviets are getting more involved AGGRESSIVE

Petrograd Soviet = a meeting of the little soviets

→ their would me leaders of the soviets in this meetin all in the same building.

→ They are a shadow government, they are not the government but are acting like one

→ petrograd soviet on one side and the Duma on the other (contrast)

• the Petrograd Soviet has the power over the Duma where if the Duma wanted to do anything they had to check with the Petrograd Soviet. This is done to ruin the authority of the Duma and the authority of the Czar. When the Czar heard about this he QUIT.

→ strikes, demostrations, all things getting worse during war.

So the Czar what does he do? If he was an effective leader he would put them on the wall and kill them all. However, instead he doesn’t do anything

1917 - Czar Nicholas II Abdicates

→ quits after Petrograd Soviets call for strikes in the military

→ Abdicates for his son, too

→ Czar’s brother Mikhail refuses to become czar

→ NOW WHAT??

Nicholas and family under arrest - they were hoping to go to England but the British cown does not want them there. The British are having problems as well because of German territories and they end up changing their name to the Windsor.

Where are the Bolsheviks in early 1917?

→ Lenin was in Switzerland and the Germans decide to send him back to Russia-April 1917

→Trotsky was in NYC

→ Stalin was sent to Siberia, escaped

March 1917 - revolution #2

→ war still going badly

→ Petrograd Soviet flexes muscles

→ Spontaneous??

→ Czar abdicates

→ Provisional Government

→ the Bolsheviks did not want to stay the war ; Royalsits, social democrats, Independists, SR’s Mensheviks all support the war. This is because the British and French ARE SCARED.

Lenin Returns from Exile

→ Germans put him in a sealed railroad car and shipped him to russia - April 1917 (HA _ HA!)

→ Bolshevik strategy - Peace, Bread, Land

→ Opposes Provisional Government

→ Coup attempts from the right and the left during the Spring/Summer

** switzerland is neutral (important but random fact)

Provisional Government 1917

→ emergency powers - supposed to be temporary

→ Made up of all parties EXCEPT Bolsheviks

→ Promised Britain and France that they would stay in the war

→ Alexander Kerensky, leader

Usual Suspects

• death to global imperialism

• Valdimer Illych - LENIN

• Lev Davidovich - Leon Trotsky

• Lossid Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili - Stalin

October 1917 - revolution #3

→ striking key targets, the Bolskeviks seize power on October 25, 1917 (old style)

→ Civil War

• The Civil War - WHITE ARMY

  • ADMIRAL KOLCHAK

  • GENERAL DENIKIN

  • GENERAL YUDENICH

THE BOLSHEVIKS TRY TO TAKE OVER - THE RED ARMY

russian federation government = rebury the romanov family and their graves

AFTER WWI THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IS GONE, THE BRITIHS IS HANGING ON TO THEIR FINGERNAILS, AND THE AGE OF EMPIRES IS FALLING