BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE

Part 1: Photosynthesis and Cellular Resperation

1. _______________________occurs in the chloroplasts; ________________________ occurs in the mitochondria.  

2. True or False:  Both plants and animals undergo cellular respiration, while photosynthesis only occurs in plants.

____________

3. _____________________is the green pigment in plants that captures light energy for the process of photosynthesis.  This pigment is located in the _______________of plants.

4. ATP (currency of life) is an energy storing molecule produced during cellular respiration.  What is released when your body breaks down ATP into ADP? ________________is then used to power the activities of a cell.

5. Two factors that can increase the rate of photosynthesis is an increase in ______________& _____________.

6.  What is an important atmospheric byproduct of photosynthesis? ____________________________________

7. Name all of the products of cellular respiration that are the reactants (needed) for photosynthesis.  

_________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Name all of the products of photosynthesis that are the reactants (needed) for cellular respiration.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

9.  All energy originates from the _____ and is used by _________________ organisms to produce food (glucose).

10. Cellular respiration in the presence of oxygen is referred to as _________________respiration; cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen is referred to as ___________________ respiration.

11. An organism that makes its own food is called a(n)_______________ or a ____________________.

12. Write the correct equation for photosynthesis:

_________________________________________________________________________________________

13.  Write the correct equation for cellular respiration:

_________________________________________________________________________________________

14.  What is the total number of ATP molecules produced from the breakdown of one glucose molecule during cellular respiration? _____

15. During anaerobic respiration, glycolysis (breaking of glucose) is followed by _______________________ in humans, while ____________________occurs in some bacteria and yeast used in baking bread and cakes.

PART 2: DNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

1. Label the parts of the nucleotide below:

      1) ____________________________

    2)____________________________

    3)____________________________

2. Using the diagram of DNA to the right to describe the following:    

1. Number of strands _______

2. 4 bases that make up DNA______________        

3. Type of bond that holds bases together_______

4. Name of the sugar____________

3. Which scientists built the first model of DNA showing it in a twisted “double helix” form? ________________

4. What must occur right before a cell divides so that each new cell gets an exact copy of the original or parent cell? _____________________

5. Sequence of 3 bases on messenger RNA is a(n) ____________; the sequence of 2 bases on transfer RNA is called a(n)__________________

6. What are the four bases found in RNA? ______________

7. The enzyme that unwinds and unzips the DNA for replication to occur is _________________

8. Put the following steps of protein synthesis in the correct order:

_______a protein is complete and is released

_______a sequence of three bases on mRNA that serves as a STOP codon is reached

_______mRNA moves to the ribosome

_______the ribosome reads the sequence of 3 bases on the mRNA strand and calls for the anticodon to 

               bring the correct amino acid

_______the DNA is replicated

_______tRNA brings an amino acid to the ribosome

_______the amino acid brought to the ribosome connects to another amino acid at the ribosome with a   

                peptide bond

_______the completed protein goes to the endoplasmic reticulum and folds into its active shape then 

                moves to the Golgi apparatus where it is packaged and processed in order to perform its 

               specific function

_______DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus of a cell

9. When reading an amino acid chart to find the correct amino acid, the sequence of 3 bases on _____________RNA is read.  This is also called a(n)___________.

10. Complete the following for the correct organelles for protein synthesis.  The ________contains the instructions (DNA), then the protein is assembled at the________ and the protein moves to the _____where it folds it into an active shape and acts as the intracellular highway transporting the protein.

11. A change in the sequence of base pairs in DNA and a change in the production of a certain enzyme (protein) and a change in the number of chromosomes within a cell are all examples of _________________.

12. ________________refers to the conversion of the information encoded in a gene (DNA) to a protein.

13. The second step in protein synthesis is referred to as ___________________.  

14.  Use the following DNA sequence to make a replicated strand of DNA.  Then use the replicated strand to make mRNA, then find the specific amino acid that will be added to make this protein.

                                     DNA:      ATC    TTT    CGC    TAG

                               Replicated DNA:

                                     mRNA:

                           amino acid:

PART 3: CHROMOSOMES, MITOSIS & MEIOSIS

1. Mitosis occurs in _________________cells and produces _______ new cells with identical genetic information.  These cells are [haploid/diploid].  

2. Meiosis occurs in _____________________cells and produces _______ (#) cells.  These gametes are 

               [haploid/diploid] meaning they have half of the chromosome number.

3. The joining of 2 haploid gametes is called __________________ & results in a diploid _____________________.

4. The process in which a cell develops or matures to become special cells to perform a specific function.  In other words, the process of a cell going from a single celled zygote and developing into more specialized cells that make up the different cell types in the body (ex.  muscle cells, skin cells, blood cells, etc.) is referred to as

____________________________

5. A sex cell is referred to as a ______________.

6. ____________________chromosomes are a set of chromosomes (on maternal, one paternal) that pair up with each other inside a cell during fertilization.  They have the same genes in the same loci (location) where tye provide points along each chromosome to align correctly with each other before separating during meiosis.

7. __________________ reproduction is a simple/fast type of reproduction.  The three types are  _______________(sprouting from side of organism to produce new one), ________________________(one cell splits into 2) and _____________________.

8. The failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate during cell division is called ____________________________.

9. A _______________________is a coiled DNA stand made up wrapped around proteins.  In the nucleus prior to cell division is in the form of _______________ and condenses into an “X” shaped structure prior to cell division.  

10. List the four phases of mitosis.  Give a brief description of what occurs in each phase (you can draw a picture if that helps you instead)

    1.  

11. List steps that are included in the cell cycle:

                     a.

           b.

           c.

      12.  What are the 3 parts to interphase?  What occurs in each phase?

      a.  

      b.

      c.    

       13.  Each strand of a duplicated chromosome (X) is referred to as a sister ________________. 

       14.  Two essential cellular structures involved in cell division include those below.  Give a brief description of the 

              functions for each.

1. spindle fibers

2. centrioles

15. ________________is a disease that results when cells don’t respond to control mechanisms (such as the cell skipping the G1 phase) and the cell cycle continues out of control producing a tumor of uncontrolled cell growth.

PART 4:  GENETICS

1.  ______________________are diagrams that are used to predict the outcome or the probability that offspring will have a particular trait.  

2. The type of allele that will show if present is referred to as ___________________ and will mask (cover) the _________________________ allele when present.  

3. Freckles (F) is dominant over no freckles (f).  

    ________homozygous dominant genotype

    ________heterozygous genotype

    ________homozygous recessive genotype

4. Traits that are located on chromosomes 1-22 are called __________________________traits; traits that are located on the sex chromosomes are called _____________________traits.

5. Complete the following Punnett square.  Then answer the questions (Freckles/F is dominant to no freckles/f)

                        *Cross a two parents that are heterozygous for freckles.

                        Genetic cross:______x_______

                        Genotypic ratio:  ______________________________________

                        Phenotypic ratio: ______________________________________

                        Probability of having a child with freckles?_____%

                        Probability of having a heterozygous child?_____%

                        Probability of having a child without freckles?_____%

6. Color blindness and hemophilia are examples of _________________linked traits.  That means that the genes for these traits are found on the _______ chromosomes.  

7. ABO blood type is a _________________ allele (more than two alleles code for the gene) and also a ___________________trait, when both alleles contribute to phenotype in humans.  

8. ____________________charts use symbols to illustrate inheritance of a trait over several generations.  Circles represent   __________and squares represent ______________.  A colored in shape represents an individual that _________________________ while an unshaded shape represents an individual that _________________________________ _____.

9. ____________ ______are more likely to express a sex-linked trait because they only have one X chromosome that carries the allele for the trait.

10.  Is it possible for a male with blood type A to have a child of blood type O with a female whose blood type is B? (do the cross if you need to!)

11. The passing of traits from one generation to the next is referred to as _____________________.  The study of this is called_______________________.

12. The physical appearance of an organism is referred to as its ____________________.  Give any one example of this________________________________.

13. The genetic make-up of an organism is referred to as its _______________________.  Give any one example of this ____________________________.

14. The father of genetics was_____________________________.

PART 5:  THEORY OF EVOLUTION:

1. A _______________________is a group of organism that are capable of reproducing and producing fertile offspring.

2. Change in organisms over a period of time is referred to as ____________________________.

3. If there is a change in the environment and an organism is not suited for that new environment, what will likely happen to that organism?

4. Complete the following definition of the “survival of the fittest”: Organisms that are best ___________________        ________to an environment is more like to survive, __________________and pass those traits on to offspring. 

5. Two types of evolution are ____________________which occurs when evolution takes place at a slow, constant rate and _________________________which occurs ant an irregular rate (fast rate followed by little change)

6. _______________________structures are those structures, such as a human tailbone, that does not serve an important function; while _________________structures in different animals (such as bones in the human arm, bat win, mouse arm) which show similarities and suggest a common ancestor.

7. ______________________scientist who studied finches on the Galapagos islands and believed they had evolved due to natural selection.