UNIT 2: 1607-1754 🍞

THE BIG PLAYERS: French, Dutch, Spanish, British.

• All of these countries settled in the Americas, but each had separate goals

SPANISH: Took over Central America (formerly where the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas were), established the encomienda system, conquistadors were the name of their explorers, intermarriage was common (Mestizos)

FRENCH: Consisted of fur-trappers, good Native-European relations, big goal of spreading Christianity with Jesuit Missionaries, located in Canada and West of Appalachians. Heavy focus on trade.

DUTCH: Settled in New Amsterdam (est. by Dutch West India Company), eventually taken over by the English in 1664 and became New York! Set up fur-trade along the Hudson river, wanting to gain economically.

BRITISH (IMPORTANT): Set up colonies!! (NO, THE BRITISH DID NOT COLONIZE ALL OF AMERICA). Many English people moved to America for new opportunities, whether it was for economic or religious reasons.

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THE SEPARATE COLONIAL REGIONS:

• NEW ENGLAND: Many Puritans settled here with families, good climate and less disease, subsistence farming. Wanted a family society.

• MIDDLE: “Bread basket” colonies, traded with Philly and NYC. Big economic gap here.

• CHESAPEAKE: Virginia/Maryland, Tobacco farming 💸💸

• SOUTHERN: Plantation based (rice, indigo, cotton), small number of plantation owners, but lots of small farmers.

• WEST INDIES: Great framing land all year, sugar cane was high demand

Education prioritized in N.E and Middle colonies, Southern states did not prioritize education, mostly farming. Puritans in N.E were extremely religious, the Bible was a must-read in schools. John Winthrop was an important Puritan.

SPECIFICS TO COLONIAL IDENTITIES:

• VIRGINIA (CHESAPEAKE): established Jamestown in 1607 (founded by a Joint-Stock Company). WANTED MONEY, MONEY, MONEY (must be funny, in a rich man’s world). John Rolfe introduced tobacco and BOOM 💸

• MASSACHUSETTS BAY (N.E): Pilgrims on the Mayflower settled in Plymouth in 1620. John Winthrop (Gov. of Mass,)wanted to create a “city upon a hill”. He was a Separatist who wanted full religious independence. The Mayflower Compact was the first government write-up and was signed on the Mayflower.

• RHODE ISLAND (N.E): Set up by Roger Williams who was banished from Massachusetts. Religious tolerance was a key trait there. (Anne Hutchinson was banished from Mass. as well after speaking her opinion on Puritan beliefs… GOD FORBID!!)

• MARYLAND (CHESAPEAKE): Religiously tolerant… to Christians

• PENNSYLVANIA (Middle): Founded by William Penn, a Quaker. Pennsylvania was a very tolerant state and even had good native relationships!!

COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS: Britain did NOT have heavy control over the colonies at this time, practiced Salutary Neglect! Which meant the colonies were basically their own separate little states and experimented with self-governing.

• Virginia House of Burgess (1619): First elected legislative assembly in the colonies. 2 elected reps from each county decided laws/taxation.

• Mayflower Compact (1620): Signed on Mayflower, pledged a civil government that could enact laws. (First physically SIGNED gov. write-up)

• Fundamental Orders (1635): Connecticut est. a representative government with “substantial citizens” (ahem.. Rich white guys), considered the first constitution of American colonies.

(ALL DOMINATED BY RICH WHITE DUDES)

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TRIANGULAR TRADE 📐

• Global trade was ACTUALLY global trade now!

MERCANTILISM: Favors the mother country!! Wanted more exports than imports! Make the colonies pay up.

• NAVIGATION ACTS: Colonies had to trade with England and English owned ships. (gonna cause a whole lot of period 3 conflict)

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SLAVERY

Indentured servants were actually more common than slaves until 1676 with Bacon’s Rebellion. It was an uprising of farmers in Virginia (specifically against William Berkeley) that was led by Nathanial Bacon. After the rebellion, slavery became more common and the British took more control of the colonies.

• Slaves seen as Chattel/property

• Middle Passage killed ⅕ of all slaves aboard

• Stono Rebellion was another uprising in 1739, this only led to harsher slave codes to be put in place.

• Metacom’s War was the Wampanoag against the colonists. Colonists got help from the Mohawk and eventually ended the dispute.

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RELIGION BBY!!

The Enlightenment (My AP World people know this one inside and out) is the starting point of many beliefs. It prioritized rational thinking over tradition. Went against a lot of religious beliefs… but did introduce the idea of Natural Rights created by John Locke. Checks and Balances were an idea created by Baron Montesquieu. The Social Contract written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau discusses “general will” and the relationship between the ruler and the ruled. Encouraged revolution if that contract was broken. (these all seem like a lot of ideas that influenced the American Revolutions… but you knowwww)

New Light Clergy preached enlightenment ideas and went against traditional ideas. This helped lead to the only and only…

THE GREAT AWAKENING!

Simply put: A huge religious revival that challenged tradition and led to a more populist way of thinking.

• Two very important leaders: Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield

• They did public sermons that attracted thousands of believers, this helped connect the colonies in a way. Could be one of the first instances of a true American identity.

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QUICK STUFF ON THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR:

• French vs. British, a battle of land that the British didn’t want to lose

• Albany Plan of Union (1754): Developed by Benjamin Franklin, this was a starting point for what would become revolutionary congresses in the 1770s.

• French got help from Natives, including the Algonquins, British got help from the Iroquois

• Peace of Paris (1763) was signed and basically the British gained more control, the French lost theirs.

Info to set up Unit 3: Tensions were growing between the colonies and England as they slowly had a more “hands on” approach with the colonies. Impressment is an example of this, as this forced colonial men to be part of England’s navy. With the cost of the French and Indian War, taxes were set in place… and we know what goes on from there.

HELPFUL VIDEOS:

Heimler’s History: Unit 2 Review

Crash Course: The Quakers, the Dutch, and the Ladies

Crash Course: The Natives and the English (I’ve had to watch so much John Green)

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TERMS TO KNOW:

• Jesuit Missionaries (Sent by Europeans to spread Christianity)

• Jamestown (Located in Virginia, 1st English settlement in N. America

• Joint-Stock Company (Multiple investors pooled money into an investment)

• Mayflower Compact (1st government write-up)

• Salutary Neglect (Britain let colonies handle themselves)

• Virginia House of Burgess (1st elected legislative assembly in colonies)

• Fundamental Orders (1st constitution of American colonies)

• Mercantilism (benefits Mother Country)

• Navigation Acts (MUST trade with the English)

• Bacon’s Rebellion (Uprise of indentured servants)

• Stono Rebellion (Uprise of slaves)

• Metacom’s War (Uprise of Natives)

• The Enlightenment (Rational thinking over beliefs)

• Natural Rights (BORN with rights)

• Checks and Balances (3 branches of government)

• Social Contract (Relationship between ruler and ruled)

• Albany Plan of Union (Meeting between all the colonies, stepping stone)

• Peace of Paris (Treaty that ended the French and Indian War)

• Impressment (You see it up there)

PEOPLE TO KNOW:

• Puritans (Strict religious group)

• John Winthrop (Puritan, 1st governor of Mass.)

• John Rolfe (Introduced tobacco to Virginia)

• Roger Williams (Founded Rhode Island)

• Anne Hutchinson (Banished from Mass. for SPEAKING)

• William Penn (Founded Pennsylvania)

• Nathanial Bacon (Led Bacon’s Rebellion)

• William Berkeley (Gov. of Virginia, popularized slavery)

• John Locke (Enlightenment leader, remember the other guys too)

• Jonathan Edwards (Great Awakening preacher, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”)

• George Whitefield (Great Awakening preacher, very popular)

Well yikes that was a lot more. But whatever, there’s going to be EVEN MORE IN UNIT 3!!!

Here’s another meme as a treat (ooo not just this unit)