APUSH Chapter 6: French and Indian War

Key Concepts

trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire furs and other products to export to Europe. How conflicts in Europe spread to North America and led to continuing political instability.
How Britain's desire to maintain a viable North American empire in the face of growing internal challenges and external competition inspired efforts to strengthen its imperial control and stimulated increased resistance from the colonists.
How English population growth and expansion into the interior disrupted existing French Indian fur trade networks and caused various Indian nations to shift alliances among the competing European powers.
How white-Indian conflict continued to Europe after the British defeat of the French as native groups sought both to continue trading with Europeans and to resist the encroachment of British colonists on traditional tribal lands.
How the French withdrawal from North America and the subsequent attempt of various native groups to reassert their power over the interior of the continent resulted in new white - Indian conflicts along the Western borders of British colonial settlements.

The French Want In

Huguenots were French Protestants who fought the French Roman Catholics → religious wars ensued → prevented France from exploring/colonizing New World
French crown issues Edict of Nantes which grants limited tolerance to Huguenots → France can explore more
Sam Champlain colonized Quebec and created an alliance with Huron Indians, siding with them in war against Iroquois → Iroquois become their enemies, prevent them expanding further into North America
- France doesn't really care about North American colonization, they're more concerned about the West Indies
- however, beaver pelts were plentiful and wanted by European elite → coureurs de bois / voyageurs would hunt for beaver, sometimes recruiting Indians (not successful)
In the fight for power in North America, world wars ensued (King William's War 1689-1697 and Queen Anne's War 1702-1713).
- each side had Indian allies. Britain benefited, gaining Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay → allowed for more salutary neglect in the colonies, growing sense of independence that dampened with increasingly restrictive British policies.
- British got limited trading rights in Spanish America conflict between Robert Jenkin and Spanish revenue authorities leads to War of Jenkin's Ear

George Washington goes to Ohio River Valley to secure the area. Encounters French building forts, shoots the first shots of the war.
Britain summons colonial delegates for the Albany Congress to bolster colonial defense and unity against France. Ben Franklin plays a key role (political cartoon below)
During the war, Britain failed miserably under General Braddock; eventually William Pitt helped the British win the war → pyrrhic victory because Britain has a massive amount of debt → taxation of colonies
Battle of Quebec (1759): British General James Wolfe captured Quebec→France no longer has control over Canada, and by the end of the war, only controlled a few islands. Britain is officially a world power.
AFTER THE WAR
Pontiac's Uprising: led by Indian chief Pontiac, some natives tribes and the French tried to push Britain out of the Ohio River Valley. British retaliate with biological warfare→ British realize they need to improve relations with natives and need to station troops near the frontier.
Proclamation of 1763: banned colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian mountains in order to prevent conflict with natives; colonists see this as oppression and defy it.

trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire furs and other products to export to Europe. How conflicts in Europe spread to North America and led to continuing political instability.
How Britain's desire to maintain a viable North American empire in the face of growing internal challenges and external competition inspired efforts to strengthen its imperial control and stimulated increased resistance from the colonists.
How English population growth and expansion into the interior disrupted existing French Indian fur trade networks and caused various Indian nations to shift alliances among the competing European powers.
How white-Indian conflict continued to Europe after the British defeat of the French as native groups sought both to continue trading with Europeans and to resist the encroachment of British colonists on traditional tribal lands.
How the French withdrawal from North America and the subsequent attempt of various native groups to reassert their power over the interior of the continent resulted in new white - Indian conflicts along the Western borders of British colonial settlements.

Huguenots were French Protestants who fought the French Roman Catholics → religious wars ensued → prevented France from exploring/colonizing New World
French crown issues Edict of Nantes which grants limited tolerance to Huguenots → France can explore more
Sam Champlain colonized Quebec and created an alliance with Huron Indians, siding with them in war against Iroquois → Iroquois become their enemies, prevent them expanding further into North America
- France doesn't really care about North American colonization, they're more concerned about the West Indies
- however, beaver pelts were plentiful and wanted by European elite → coureurs de bois / voyageurs would hunt for beaver, sometimes recruiting Indians (not successful)
In the fight for power in North America, world wars ensued (King William's War 1689-1697 and Queen Anne's War 1702-1713).
- each side had Indian allies. Britain benefited, gaining Acadia, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay → allowed for more salutary neglect in the colonies, growing sense of independence that dampened with increasingly restrictive British policies.
- British got limited trading rights in Spanish America conflict between Robert Jenkin and Spanish revenue authorities leads to War of Jenkin's Ear

George Washington goes to Ohio River Valley to secure the area. Encounters French building forts, shoots the first shots of the war.
Britain summons colonial delegates for the Albany Congress to bolster colonial defense and unity against France. Ben Franklin plays a key role (political cartoon below)
During the war, Britain failed miserably under General Braddock; eventually William Pitt helped the British win the war → pyrrhic victory because Britain has a massive amount of debt → taxation of colonies
Battle of Quebec (1759): British General James Wolfe captured Quebec→France no longer has control over Canada, and by the end of the war, only controlled a few islands. Britain is officially a world power.
AFTER THE WAR
Pontiac's Uprising: led by Indian chief Pontiac, some natives tribes and the French tried to push Britain out of the Ohio River Valley. British retaliate with biological warfare→ British realize they need to improve relations with natives and need to station troops near the frontier.
Proclamation of 1763: banned colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian mountains in order to prevent conflict with natives; colonists see this as oppression and defy it.