Object-Oriented Concepts:

Introduction:

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that focuses on objects and their interactions.

OOP is based on four main concepts: encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism.

Classes:

A class is a blueprint for creating objects.

A class defines the properties and methods that an object will have.

Objects are instances of a class.

Constructors are special methods that are called when an object of a class is created.

Access modifiers are used to control the visibility of properties and methods within a class.

Encapsulation:

Encapsulation is the practice of hiding the internal details of an object from the outside world.

Encapsulation is achieved through access modifiers such as public, private, and protected.

Encapsulation helps to keep code modular and maintainable.

Abstraction:

Abstraction is the practice of simplifying complex systems by breaking them down into smaller, more manageable parts.

Abstraction is achieved through abstract classes and interfaces.

Abstract classes provide a way to define a common interface for a set of subclasses.

Interfaces define a set of methods that a class must implement.

Inheritance:

Inheritance is the process by which one class inherits the properties and methods of another class.

The class that is being inherited from is called the parent or base class, and the class that is inheriting is called the child or derived class.

Inheritance helps to reduce code duplication and increase code reuse.

Single inheritance is when a class inherits from only one parent class, while multiple inheritance is when a class inherits from multiple parent classes.

Hierarchical inheritance is when multiple classes inherit from a single base class.

Polymorphism:

Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms.

Polymorphism is achieved through method overriding and method overloading.

Method overriding is when a child class provides a different implementation of a method that is already defined in its parent class.

Method overloading is when a class has multiple methods with the same name but different parameters.

Virtual functions, abstract classes, and interfaces are also used to achieve polymorphism.