UNIT 3 (1754-1800) 📜

French and Indian War: Most important thing to know about the war is the results that came with it.

• Proclamation of 1773: The colonies could not move West of the Appalachian Mts.

• This war was EXPENSIVE, marked the end of salutary neglect

• TAXES!! These were put in place to help pay off the war

SPECIFIC TAXES:

• Sugar Act

• Stamp Act

• Townshend Act

Colonists were not happy campers with their new taxes. James Otis coined the quotable phrase: “No taxation without representation”. But it was more than the taxes, the colonies wanted to have a voice again, not a dumb king ruling over them! The Stamp Act Congress in 1765 was an attempt to speak out on Britain's rule (The Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, but only to be replaced with Charles Townshend’s Act)

RESULTS OF THE TAXES: Heavy boycotts occurred on British goods and they only increased with the introduction of the Townshend Act. Townshend wanted to “control” the colonies, but only further angered them. A group named the Sons of Liberty arose, led by Samuel Adams this group could essentially be considered the first terrorist organization with the violence they inflicted on tax collectors.

• The colonists needed a reason to declare independence and they got it with the Boston Massacre. (5 people died… it was a little exaggerated)

• The Intolerable Acts were an attempt for Britain to gain control of the colonies again. This just furthered tensions and led to the First Continental Congress (1774)

• The release of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense also inspired many colonists. Huge piece of propaganda!

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INDEPENDENCE IS OFFICIALLY DECLARED- July 4th, 1776 🦅

• The Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson– A Virginia man! Virginia was essentially the center of the colonies and many notable, intelligent men were from there so that’s an important fact.

• Jeffy got some help from his pals Benjamin Franklin and John Adams as well. Jeffy just got all the credit.

WHY WAS THE DECLARATION WRITTEN?

1. Declare independence (OFFICIALLY)

2. List out grievances against Britain (27 of ‘em)

3. Explain the theory of government. And why we can do it better.

Natural Rights had a HUGE impact on the patriots’ ideals. Americans had inalienable rights that could not be denied by the British! Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness!

An Olive Branch Petition was sent out to King George in 1775… That didn’t work. SO ONTO THE WAR!

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OUR TWO CONTENDERS:

• BRITAIN: Had a HUGE advantage compared to the patriots! They had an army full of mercenaries that fought for $$$, and also had the largest navy!

• COLONISTS: It’s a bit of a trainwreck here. General George Washington had a volunteer army that consisted of mostly criminals. They also had a super small navy compared to Britain. They did have home-field advantage though!

• The colonies were composed of approximately 40% Patriots, 20% Loyalists, 40% undecided!

THE FIGHTING:

Things were NOT looking hot for the colonists within the first 19 months. They had lost NYC and Philly. Fortunately for them… Britain believed that only N.E colonies had it out for them and saved the colonists some time. “The Crisis” by Thomas Paine was also written around this time.

• Turning points in the war came from the Battle of Saratoga and Bloody Battle of Oriskany. These were huge wins.

• Europeans such as Baron Friedrich von Steuben (Prussia) and Marquis de Lafayette (France) helped make strides in these wins. France was an official ally by 1778.

OCTOBER 19TH, 1781: SURRENDER AT YORKTOWN! WOOP WOOP

The World Turned Upside Down (you get it?? (i’m so sorry))

• Treaty of Paris (1783 version) ended the American Revolution!

• American independence was officially recognized and boundaries were set to the Mississippi river.

• Not much changed right away… Britain stayed in America still, properties were returned so the goal was to set up a new government!!

• SETTING A POLITICAL EXAMPLE!

WOMEN ARE HERE TOO!

• Women took over men’s roles during the Revolutionary War. This will happen every single war after! Women step into the men’s shoes and keep production going.

• Even before the war, there were the Daughters of Liberty too, but instead of tormenting people, they created clothes to keep up with the boycotts.

• Republican Motherhood was what women were expected of after the war. They were there to educate the children! Stay at home! Do nothing other than that!

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TO THE CONSTITUTION… cough articles of confederation…

• Essentially a trainwreck, this was the 1st government formed in America.

• Weak central government, large states and small states counted as one vote no matter what, state prioritizes a federal government (Scared of another monarch figure)

• This was basically just 14 tiny countries going at it for a while.

The national government basically had a list of do's and don'ts… like the government COULD declare war, but they COULDN’T draft men into the army. Hm. Every state also had their own currency and the government COULDN’T make a unified currency. Oof.

NORTHWEST ORDINANCE (1787)

• Basically the only thing that stuck during this Articles of Confederation era. It set up requirements for statehood.

• Requirements were public education, 60k population, no slaves, civil liberties.

• This addressed slavery! The founding fathers believed that slavery was BAD BAD BAD… unless it was good for them you know…

EXPOSING THE A.O.C (articles of confederation not the congresswoman)

• Shay’s Rebellion (1786) highlighted all the flaws of the articles.

• Led by Daniel Shay, farmers were upset about taxes and rebelled. Simple solution, Mass. calls up their militia! (The farmers were the militia)

• Letters from Washington and Jefferson were sent over to James Madison on the issue. Jefferson believed that the rebellion was a good thing, he very much believed in Social Contract ideals.

HAMILTON AT THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION (1787)

(i was chosen for the constitutional convention)

• 55 delegates secretly met up to discuss a new constitution. “Well bred, well fed, well read, and well wed.”

• A Federalist system was decided upon, splitting the power with the states and national gov.

We are a country that was built on compromises. Two plans were brought up at the convention: The Virginia Plan (James Madison), The New Jersey Plan (Will Patterson). Virginia favored the large states, New Jersey favored the small. Both agreed on a national judiciary but the Virginia plan was more focused on a checks and balance system. A two house legislative was agreed on, to compromise the senate allowed only two from each state. The House was based on population.

THE SEPARATION OF POWERS (and their constitution articles):

1. Legislative Branch (ARTICLE 1): Enacts laws, regulate commerce

2. Executive Branch (ARTICLE 2): Veto power, commander-in-chief

3. Judicial Branch (ARTICLE 3): Interprets laws

• Unwritten constitution includes: Judicial review (Marbury v. Madison), the cabinet (15 members).

Amending the constitution = a struggle (like studying for APUSH)

But it was ratified in 1787, it was signed by all states except NY, Mass, Virginia. And here comes the debates. Anti-Federalists were against the constitution and called for a Bill of Rights (which they got in 1791). But there were also the Federalists that felt the need to defend the constitution.

THE FEDERALIST PAPERS (HAMILTON WROTE THE OTHER 51!!)

• Written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison.

• The most popular papers are #10 and #51 (both written by Madison). #10 defends a republican government, #51 defends checks and balances

(Anti-federalists had the Brutus Papers, written by Melancton Smith)

CONSTITUTIONAL TERMS:

• Contained delegated powers (national, declaring war), reserved powers (state, driving age), and concurrent powers (both, taxes).

People believed in a loose and strict following of the constitution. Those who had a strict interpretation (you can only do what’s written) were considered Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson), those with a loose interpretation (twist the rules a little), were the Federalists (Hamilton)

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Our First President: George Washington (1789-97)

• Cabinet consisted of Hamilton and Jefferson, those of opposing views. A smart man does this.

Hamilton has his mind set shaping economic policies and assuming state debts. He suggested that the federal government should take over the debts of the states. The South didn’t want to worry about debts since they paid them off, they didn’t stand by Hamilton's ideas. (Just watch Hamilton I swear you’ll get it enough) He had 3 point system: Handle debt, gain revenue through tariffs, stabilize a bank!

NATIONAL BANK STUFF: Paper money was now wanted and a universal American currency was used. The bank handled receipts and all government money! It would increase the public’s confidence in federal money. Of course the south was pissing and moaning because they thought the North would get richer. (Thanks for the bank Hamilton! It would be a shame if someone decided to destroy it or something… heh)

The Whiskey Rebellion is basically Shay’s rebellion gone right. Farmers got upset with a sales tax put on whiskey. Hamilton decided this could show off the federal government’s power and it worked! It succeeded with no fatalities.

The Rise of Political Parties… (sorry washington)

• Federalists: Typically wealthy merchants, beliefs like Hamilton, loose interpretation of the constitution, pro-Britain (they’re richhhhhh)

• Democratic-Republicans: “Common people”, beliefs like Jefferson, strict interpretation, pro-French (they’re our frienddddd)

Foreign Affairs during the Washington Administration

• French revolution: Practiced neutrality/isolationism! Just let them be bro.

• Britain hijacking US ships: Used diplomacy. Jay’s Treaty and Pinckney's Treaty. Literally just stopped all that stuff easy peasy.

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GEORGE WASHINGTON’S GOING HOME! (i’m so, so sorry)

Farewell address stated THREE simple things:

1. No political parties

2. Avoid foreign affairs (neutrality!)

3. Don’t incur a large debt

• He also feared sectionalism (placing one area’s beliefs ahead of another’s)... he had nothing to worry about; it only started the Civil war or something.

(We literally followed none of that. Washington is giving America a big fat middle finger in the afterlife.)

WELCOME FOLKS, TO THE ADAMS ADMINISTRATION! (last one)

• Adams defeats Jefferson as Washington’s successor… Now Jefferson is a salty vice president.

• Most important points of Adam's administration are the XYZ Affair and the Alien and Sedition Act.

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I’m literally so tired. Help me. Quoting Hamilton and actually learning takes a toll on people.

Here’s your meme! Sorry to the 11 people that didn’t get to see it 😢