Biotech Final

Not visible to the unaided eye/ only visible with a microscope

Walter Fleming in the 1870s

Wilhelm Johannsen in 1909

100,000

23 pairs, 46 total

James Watson (American) and Francis Crick (British) in 1953

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine(G), Cytosine(C)

A+T and G+C

Hamilton Smith and Daniel Nathans. Enzymes that destroy the DNA of invading viruses

Enzyme used to join two parts of DNA to form the new recombinant DNA

Stanley Cohen and Herbet Boyer

respirate, grow, repair, move, reproduce, have a life span, respond to stimuli

Elimination

Gregor Mendel

By the X or Y chromosomes carried by the sperm that fertilises the egg

XX for girl XY for boy

Genetic Engineering

A goal to identify all human genes and their funtion. Started in 1986 completed in 2003

Indicates the position of indvidual genes and the actual distance between genes on the same chromosone in cell nucleus

Idicate the positions of genes and which genes are related and likely to combine

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions (catalysts)

polymers of amino acids

is a method of making many copies of a spliced gene

To identify the sequence of DNA bases in a gene. Using an electric current and probes, they identify bases by the rate at which they migrate through the gel. Large segments move slowly, while small fragments move faster.

Genetic engineering and the use of microbes

Microbes

5

single-celled microscopic organisms with only one chromosome and no nucleus that can be harmful or beneficial to people

(Procaryotes)

microscopic plant organisms that grow as single cells or in long filaments

plant colonies composed of algae and fungi

considered to be their own kingdom. The basic unit of a fungus is not the cell, but rather a tube-shaped structure called a hypha.

fungi hyphae don't contain chlorophyl

microscopic, one-celled creatures that can move about under their own power

considered the "first animals" because their simple structure includes most of the basic characteristics of animal cells

Live only in liquid environments

Very simple, very small microbes that are actually particles, not cells

Simplest viruses are composed of a strand of DNA carrying only a handful of genes

Can't reproduce on their own but must infect a host cell

DNA is protected by a coat made up of many identical protein subunits

Clones are organisms that have identical genes.

17th century

Discovered and named cells

Electon microscope

(The thing could not be alive, had to be cut in thin slices and have all water removed)

Rosalinnd Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

single-celled organisms that can be seen only with a microscope

contain special enzymes that convert sugar into carbon dioxide and ethanol

Using yeast for fermentation

Phytophthora

nitrogen fixing bacteria

natural insect killer that lives in the soil

Disease resistant petunia in the 1980s

The transfer of genetic material from one species to a different species

viruses that infect bacteria

Aztecs in Mexicp

bovine growth hormone

A sheep named dolly

He created the small pox vaccination from cow pox in 1796

Synthetic insulin

Dissolves blood clots in heart attack victims

Treat emphysema

1 out of every 100 born

Genetic mutation carried on the X-chromosome that causes varying degrees of intellectual disability and hyperactivity

Occurs in one out of every 1,500 boys and less frequently in girls

1990 on a four year old girl with Sever Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCIDs)

5,000 total 100 used to fight diseases

Alexander Fleming in 1928

Howard Florey

produce antibodies

Albert Alexander

Vaccines that fight viruses

proteins that exist naturally in the immune systems of all mammals and are used to help fight off invading viruses

Louis Pasteur in 1885

affected cells grow wildly, invading healthy tissue, and derailing the body's processes

Substances that cause cancer in people

cancer causing genes

Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

HIV

biology and biotechnology used in a legal setting

William Herschel in 1860

Alec Jefferys in 1984

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

technique named after Edwin Southern used in recombinant DNA technology that allows researchers to stabilize specific DNA sequences from an electrophoresis gel and then localize them using DNA dyes or probes.

The x-ray picture of RFLPs

Egg and sperm are genetically altered

alters the patient's genes, normally only a temporary cute

A special kind of virus used in gene therapy

the use of living organisms, such as prokaryotes, fungi, or plants, to detoxify a polluted area

usage of microbes that already exist at the polluted site

Microbes that have cleansing properties are injected into a polluted environment

a bacterium that could eliminate large amounts of carbon dioxide to help reduce global warming

SIlver

Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1680

Mats covered areas of the Earth roughly five billion years ago

1. Add water to ground up grains or plants

2. Heat up the mash

3. Ethanol water mixture is heated to vaporize the ethanol which is collected and cooled

2.6

When microorganisms breakd down sewage or other organic materials that contain carbon and nitrogen

methane createing bateria

use bacteria to create methane gas

1. Algae are grown on sewage material in ponds

2. algae are harvested and placed in a closed digester system

Enzyme that produces hydrogen

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)

Brown staining that appears on books from microbes

treated wastewater

Activated sludge

Fungus that offers natural non polluting methods for combating plant destroying diseases and insects

A rare hereditary disease resulting in rapid aging

The use of animal organs instead of human organ in transplant patients

14%

2

Water and bacteria, used over a waterproof surface to separate metal compounds from mounds of ore