AP Psych Unit 11 (Intelligence)

the mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

Why is the definition of intelligence a debated topic?

knowing the cold, hard FACTS!!!

a person gains knowledge of factual information over the years

eg. an elderly person can recall exactly what it was like during World War 2 (who was involved, who was president, the economy, etc.)

acquiring new skills!!!

eg. a young person is more likely to quickly figure out a new technological mechanism

What are all the Theories of Intelligence?

• intelligence can be expressed by a single factor, or g-factor

• used factor analysis to conclude that underlying the many different specific abilities (mathematical vs. verbal intelligence) that people regard as types of intelligence is a SINGLE FACTOR

i.e. Mechanical, Verbal, Spatial, Numerical

What are the 4 categories that blend into 1 single g-factor, according to Spearman?

Who created the General Intelligence Factor Theory?

• there are 7 clusters of primary mental abilities

  • i.e. word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory

What are the 7 clusters of mental ability, according to Thurstone?

A criticism of Thurstone’s 7 Clusters Theory?

Who created the 7 Clusters Theory?

• there are multiple, unrelated intelligences, which include traditional and nontraditional categories

  • i.e. musical, kinesthetic, interpersonal, linguistic, mathematics, naturalistic, interpersonal, visual

A criticism of Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory?

Who created the Multiple Intelligence Theory?

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill

What does the Multiple Intelligence Theory suggest about savant syndrome?

• the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

• makes you successful in life!!!

  • IQ gets you the job, EQ makes you successful at it

A criticism of Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence Theory?

Who created the Emotional Intelligence Theory?

• includes 3 intelligences:

  1. Analytical Intelligence

  2. Creative Intelligence

  3. Practical Intelligence

Academic problem-solving as assessed by traditional intelligence tests; focuses on well-defined problems w/ a SINGLE correct answer

eg. SAT testing

Demonstrated in the reacting adaptivity to novel situations and generating novel ideas

eg. creative painting

Your “street smarts”!!!

Required for everyday tasks, which may be ill-defined, w/ multiple solutions

eg. finding a flat tire, and figuring out what to do

What are the 3 types of intelligence theories where you can excel in one thing, but perform poorly in another?

A criticism of Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory?

What are the 3 criteria that must be met by psychological (intelligence) tests, in order to be widely accepted?

Defining of uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison w/ the performance of a pre-tested group; “norms” have been established

Must create a STANDARD NORMAL CURVE

eg. the SAT psyshometricians use experimental sections and standardization samples to establish the norms for achievement

Person who makes/assesses a test

tail points to the negatives

tail points to the positives

An INCREASE in intelligence test scores throughout the 20th century

**results in an INCREASED need for standardization (i.e. new avg for IQ testing is 105 → must be shifted back to 100); items that everyone gets RIGHT AND WRONG are discarded

Measures IQ!!!

mean = 100

standard deviation = 15 points

Symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes

68-95-99.7 !!!

Extent to which a test yields CONSISTENT results

Assesses consistency by dividing the test in two parts (i.e. odd-number questions vs. even-number questions), and assessing the accuracy of each part of the one test

**Parts should be roughly EQUAL for optimum consistency!

Assesses consistency through alternative forms of the test (i.e. taking the Unit X exam again, today, and getting roughly the same score)

Assesses consistency through RETESTING (i.e. taking the same Unit X exam as last class, and getting roughly the same score)

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to; aka ACCURACY

eg. the SAT is supposed to predict how well you will do as an ungergrad

A measure of the extent to which the content of the test measures all of the knowledge or skills that are supposed to be included within the domain being tested, according to test-takers

i.e. did you learn everything you were supposed to about Developmental Psych, aka Unit 9?

A measure of the extent to which the content of the test measures all of the knowledge or skill that is supposed to be included within the domain being tested, according to expert judges

i.e. rearranging blocks for the Wechsler Test… you would think, “what value does this have? this is easy,” BUT in actuality, the judges are timing you and it truly has value

A measure of the extent to which a test’s results correlate with other accepted measures (criteria) of what is being tested

i.e. colleges use your AP score (3, 4, 5) to excuse your engagement in a college course… looks at criteria of the college course, which is matched to that of the AP test

A measure of the extent to which the test provides similar scores as other tests on the same subject

i.e. similar scores on BOTH the MCQ and FRQ portions of the AP Test

A measure of the extent to which the test accurately forecasts a specific future result

i.e. the SAT predicts how well you will do as an undergrad

The extent to which the test actually measures the hypothetical construct behavior (intelligence) it is designed to assess

i.e. the MMPI-2 can discriminate between people with schizophrenia and those without

What are the 2 most common types of tests?

Tests designed to predict a person’s future performance

i.e. SAT (predicts how well you’ll do as an undergrad-student) and GRE (predicts how well you’ll do as a grad-student

Tests designed to assess what a person has learned

i.e. the Unit X Exam in AP Psych

Making an exam that EXCLUSIVELY measures one of these qualities (aptitude & achievement) is ______.

Tests gauge how quickly a person can solve problems

Tests gauge the difficulty level of problems an individual can solve

i.e. a 500 question test gets progressively harder… if you miss 5 in a row, you’re done

A large # of people are tested at the same time

i.e. SAT in a room full of people

A single person is tested by an examiner, allowing for greater depth

i.e. Wechler Test

In the 1880s, _____ and ______ used psychomotor tasks (strength, reaction time, sensitivity to pain, weight) as a “mental test” to identify intelligence

**failed to validate their eugenics-based ideas of intelligence

• strength

• reaction time

• sensitivity to pain

• weight

A certain race of people deemed genetically inferior

In 1904, _____ and ______ were hired by the FRENCH gov to identify children who would NOT benefit from a traditional school setting and those who would benefit from special education

What did the French gov implement in 1904?

Binet and Simon sampled performance tasks (memory, comprehension, and judgement) to assign children a mental age (mental level)

What did William Stern suggest, based on the Binet-Simon Scale?

In 1911, Lewis Terman developed this; reports results as an IQ (intelligence quotient)

• calculated by taking [MA/CA x 100]

  • THIS CALCULATION IS ONLY USED FOR CHILDREN!!!

• Newest version assesses 5 ability areas:

  1. knowledge

  2. fluid reasoning

  3. verbal quantitative reasoning (ELA)

  4. non-verbal quantitative reasoning (math)

  5. visual-spacing processing (pattern recognition)

What is the AVERAGE IQ?

Uses a deviation IQ resulting from a standardization process

**can’t use the children’s formula bc, according to research, intelligence stabilizes

looks at standard deviation

• z=0 ~ NO deviation

• z=1 ~ 1 std above average

• z=-1 ~ 1 std below average

What kind of test is the Stanford-Binet?

In 1939, _______ began developing alternatives to the Stanford-Binet

What are the alternatives to the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, according to Wechsler?

What is the most IDEAL time to test intelligence to predict future success?

Verbal IQ + Performance IQ

• Verbal Comprehension Index (vocab, similarities, info, comprehension)

• Working Memory Index (arithmetic, digit span, letter #, sequencing)

• Perceptual Organization Index (picture completion, block design, matrix reasoning)

• Processing Speed Index (digit symbol, coding, symbol search)

According to cross-sectional evidence, will a person’s intelligence score remain stable over the course of their life?

According to longitudinal evidence, will a person’s intelligence score remain stable over the course of their life?

When is the earliest you can test intelligence for maximum benefit?

When is the latest you can test intelligence for maximum benefit?

People w/ an IQ < 70 (2 standard deviations below mean); labeled as having an intellectual disability

• 85% of ID population

• mentally in 6th grade

• 10% of ID population

• mentally in 2nd grade

• 5% of ID population

• some vocational occupation, but must have supervision

• can learn self-help skills and routines

**ICAP program at VHS

• 1% of ID population

• require intensive support

People w/ an IQ > 130 (2 standard deviations above mean); labeled as being intellectually gifted (genius)

**Terman’s research showed that the stereotypes of high extreme of people are incorrect!!

Do people who share the same genes also share comparable mental abilities?

A number that tells us how much of something you can attribute to a person’s genes (HIGHER = more nature, LOWER = more nurture)

MANY genes contribute to the formation of intelligence, since there are so many factors that determine intelligence.

What did J McVicker Hunt observe in Iranian orphanages?

How did J McVicker Hunt address delayed development in Iranian orphanages?

Regarding intelligence, can environmental conditions override one’s genes?

What are some environmental factors that can influence intelligence?

A US government-funded program for preschool for families below the poverty line (1965); prepares children for education to keep them from being held back

Was Project Head Start effective?

What are the 2 disturbing facts about ethnicity and intelligence?

What might cause differences between races in intelligence scores?

What are gender differences in mental ability scores?

If an intelligence test is biased, should it be used as an assessment tool?

• An intelligence test IS biased, if it measures your developed abilities, which reflect, in part, your education and experiences (ENVIRONMENT)

• eg. knowing what an iced tea saucer is

Should an exam w/ “popular bias” be continued?

• An intelligence test IS biased, if it only assesses 1 group of test-takers, despite being presented as a VALID test for all participants

• eg. the SAT test-makers weighted the test questions women did better on (as worth more points) in comparison to men … UNFAIR!! Doesn’t represent all demographics

Should an exam w/ “scientific bias” be continued?

How does the stereotype threat lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy?