Chp 37- Soil & Plant Nutrition

stratified layers of soil

consists of mineral particles, living organisms, and hums

decaying organic matter

negatively charges ions (ex: nitrate, phosphate, & sulfate)

positively charged ions (ex: potassium, calcium, & magnesium)

cations are displaced from soil particles by other cations

the addition of mineral nutrients to the soil

farming methods that are conservation-minded, environmentally safe, and profitable

a huge drain on water resources when used for farming in arid regions

underground water reserves

the concentration of salts in soil as water evaporates

slowly releases water directly at the root zone

nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

soil pH affects mineral availability through cation exchange and the chemical form of minerals

reduces erosion by creating furrows for seeds and fertilizer with minimal soil disturbance

involves the uptake and concentration of soil pollutants in plant tissues that are then removed for safe disposal

chemical elements required for a plant to complete its life cycle and reproduce

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, and magnesium

used to determine which chemical elements are essential

a close, long-term interaction between two different species

both species benefit from the interaction

the symbiont benefits and the host is harmed

a mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner

the layer of soil closely surrounding the plant’s roots

bacteria that live in close association with plant roots or in the rhizosphere

nonpathogenic bacteria that live inside the plant

the conversion of nitrogen to ammonia

swellings composed of plants cells “infected” by Rhizobium bacteria

beans

form nodules, contained within vesicles formed by the root cell

pioneered by George Washington Carver, used to restore the concentration of fixed nitrogen in the soil

the mycelium of the fungus forms a dense sheath, or mantle, over the surface of the root

microscopic fungal hyphae extend into the root cortex, penetrate the cell wall but not the plasma membrane

grows on another plant and obtains water and minerals from rain

absorb water, minerals, and sugars from their living host plant

obtain nitrogen by killing and digesting mostly insects, have adaptations for trapping insects and other small animasl