Super long microbiology stuff (thx for teaching me how to do the Quizlet thing

Specialized area of biology that deals with organisms ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification.

A living thing ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification.

Orderly arrangement of organisms into groups.

System of assigning names.

Two-name system of naming organisms (Latin, Greek). Two names: Genus, species. It's always underlined or italicized. Genus first letter always capitalized, species not capitalized. Once it's been mentioned, the genus name can be shortened.

Viruses. Exist without a cellular structure.

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

Organisms whose genetic material is not enclosed in membrane and lack specific organelles including a nucleus (bacteria).

Organisms whose genetic material is enclosed in nucleus (fungi, protozoa, algae).

Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells, and in addition to lacking a nucleus, they lack other complex internal compartments called organelles. All prokaryotes are microorganisms while only some eukaryotes are microorganisms (including algae, protozoa, molds and yeasts- and even anthropods).

The way bacteria reproduce. Splitting of a parent cell into two equal parts.

Disease causing agents.

Manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms.

Switch DNA from one organism to another to design new organisms.

Dairy products, yogurt and cheese.

A tentative explanation or statement to account for what is observed or measured.

Hypothesis backed by growing data.

Life can rise from nonliving material.

All things are made of cells.

the production of living organisms from other living organisms

Organisms convert sugar into alcohol or acid (vinegar). Using bacterial/fungal enzymes, convert food substrate from one form to another. Aid in slow food spoilage. Foods use it for flavor and other properties. Fermentation products include Lactic acid, acetic acid, yeast, etc.

To kill organisms by heat, some spoiling agents still stay.

Theory that microbes can invade other organisms and cause diseases.

Set of procedures to determine if a microbe causes a certain disease. Verified the germ theory of disease.

Aimed at reducing microbes in a medical setting and preventing wound infections. Lister proposed the idea of aspetic techniques and the importance of hand washing and equipment sterilization.

Treatment of disease by the use of chemical substances. Now problem with drug resistance.

Chemical substances made in a lab.

Chemical substance made by microbes.

1 mm

1 um to 100 um

10 nm to 100 nm

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya.

Eukarya

Neither

Neither prokaryote or eukaryote; acellular. Very small (nm). Need an electron microscope to see them. Parasite. Core/caspid contains nucleic acids and a protein coat. Some envelope around caspids.

Prokaryote. All are microbes. Has a cell wall made up of Eubacteria peptidoglycan. Absorb nutrition. Reproduce by binary fission. Unicellular. Commonly found in biofilms.

Unicellular, some are multicellular. Reproduce asexually and sexually. Nutrition by photosynthesis. Cell wall made of cellulose.

Some are unicellular, some are multicellular. Nonmotile. Reproduce by asexual and sexual reproduction. Cell wall made of chitin. Fungi digest outside then ingest, absorb by release enzymes into environment. Cell membrane made of ergosterol instead of cholesterol.

Unicellular. Reproduce sexually and asexually. No cell wall. Absorb nutrition. Use pseudopods, cilia and flagella for motility.

Pseudopods, flagella, cilia.

Found everywhere, part of the ecosystem (make greenhouse gasses, soil formation, mineral extraction), Nutrient recycling (CO2 and Nitrogen fixation). Decomposition. Interactions with other organisms- pathogens or beneficial.

Fermentation.

Microscope not developed until the 1500's.

Coined the term "cell."

Spontaneous bacteria in heated broth with cover.

S-neck flask and aseptic technique. Vaccine for cholera and rabies.

All living things are made of cells.

Use carbolic acid sprayer (phenol) to sterilize surgical wounds and instruments to reduce infection.

Hand washing during child birth by doctors.

Vaccine for smallpox.

Complete sequence of bacterial genome.

Cell theory, biogenesis, spontaneous generation.

Fermentation Pasteurization, Germ Theory, Vaccination.

Some spoilage organisms stay.

Eggs, Honey.

Synthetic drugs and antibiotics.

Complete absence of viable microbes.

Prevent infection.

Cultivating (CULTURING) microorganisms by introducing a sample (INOCULUM) into a container of nutrient medium.

Observable growth that appears in or on the medium (cloudiness, colony)

The medium is placed in a temperature-controlled chamber (INCUBATOR) to allow for growth that is observed macroscopically as growth on the plate surface or cloudiness in a liquid medium. Important because this is where cells have a chance to duplicate.

Separate individual microbes and achieve isolated colonies

Colonies/broth observed macroscopically for growth characteristics (Color, texture, size) for analysis.

Determine the type of microbe.

Sample.

Growth medium that is flexible, holds nutrients and moisture. Solid at room temperature, not readily digested by organisms.

All chemicals known.

Exact chemical makeup unknown.

Broad spectrum, usually nonsynthetic/complex, no specific growth requirements (nutrient agar or TSA). Grows a bunch of things at once. Just put a bunch on and see what grows.

Complex medium with added special nutrients (vitamins, serum), growth of fastidious organisms. Example: Blood agar.

One or more agents that inhibit growth of certain organisms from a mixed sample. Kills one type and selects a different one.

Allow for the growth of different microbes but permits ways of telling them apart. Doesn't kill one type.

Organisms that require complex nutrients and special growth factors.

Mounds of cells, consists of one species.

Only one known species/type of microbe identified.

Two or more easily identified species of microbes- the different types SHOULD be there.

Once pure/mixed culture with undesired organisms (CONTAMINANTS) added that ruins experiment.

The ability of a microscope lens to make the image of an object to appear enlarged.

Resolving power, the ability of a microscope lens to distinguish between two separate entities that sit near one another, ability to show detail.

Image observed by the eye. Formed by ocular lens.

Formed by objective lens, closest to the specimen.

Power of objective lens X power of ocular lens.

Specimen placed on glass slide.

Dead or fixed preps.

Microbes hard to see without help, Can have contamination from other undesirable organisms, Microbes found in complex associations so need to separate and identify different organisms, Need to grow organisms in artificial conditions.

Inoculation, Incubation, Isolation, Isolation, Inspection, and Identification.

Loop, needles, pipettes, swabs.

Some microbes are nonculturable meaning we can't supply them with the proper growth medium.

Agar is solid at room temperature and not digestible by organisms. Also, agar is flexible and holds moisture and nutrients.

Carbohydrate

We know all of the chemicals of synthetic media but complex media has one or more unknown chemicals.

Complex.

Agar, Gelatin.

Potato slices.

Nutrient agar/ Trypticase soy agar (TSA).

Nutrient agar/blood agar/ EMB/ MacConkey agar.

Blood agar.

EMB/MacConkey agar/ Sabourauds/Salmonella Shigella.

Hektoen/EMB/ Blood Agar/Bird Seed.

MacConkey and Blood Agar and Mannitol Salt Agar.