PSYC 330 - Chapter 9 (alcohol)

process by which the heating of a fermented mixture increases its alcohol content

proportion of alcohol in a beverage, by volume

typically used in reference to distilled spirits and equals twice the percentage of alcohol

beer - 4% wine - 12% distilled spirits 40 - 50%

grain alcohol

produced in fermentation

wood alcohol

produced synthetically

if you drink it you will go blind

rubbing alcohol

author - Benjamin Franklin

contains more than 235 terms to describe a drunkard

french - salon

reflection of rural community of American West

typical clientele - aggressive men more inclined to exploit other men, women, and nature

drinking characterized by downing large quantities of whiskey for purpose of engaging in explosive behavior

scapegoat for rebirth of temperance movement

drinking associated with negative consequences - health problems, accidents, job and family problems, and symptoms of dependence on alcohol

based on beverage sales figures for each state or shipments and tax receipts data

then translated to amounts (gal.) of pure alcohol

consuming at least 3 (for men) or 4 (for women) drinks on at least one occasion

depresses CNS

dissolving in lipid membranes - disturbs normal chemical actions there

reduces action potential amplitude - NT release and transmission of impulses across synapse are inhibited

acts on GABA - benzodiazepine receptors

enhances serotoninergic and dopaminergic activity

eating while drinking rate at which alcoholic beverage is consumed drinks with higher concentration of alcohol are absorbed quicker food substances in beer slow absorption carbonated beverages absorbed quicker

time between stopping drinking and peak concentration of alcohol in blood

shutting of the pylorus valve that occurs in some people when they drink very large quantities of alcohol

prevents whatever is in stomach from passing to intestines

the alcohol equivalent in a drink of beer, wine, or distilled spirits

SD = 0.5 oz of alcohol - about alcohol content in 12 ounces of beer, 4 ounces of table wine, or 1 ounce of 90 proof to 100 proof whiskey

amount of alcohol in bloodstream

legal level for intoxication in all 50 states, DC, and PR is 0.08%

calculated as BAC = NSD (number of standard drinks) x (0.025%) - NHD (number of hours since drinking began) x (0.015%)

enzyme in stomachs that women have less of - prevents them from metabolizing as much alcohol in stomach

breaks down alcohol in liver to acetaldehyde

drug that interferes with the metabolism of alcohol so that people soon feel very ill if they drink while on a regimen of it - used as part of treatment program for alcohol dependence

process where the energy in foods is released in form of heat and work

onset - few hours after drinking stopped (BAC can still be > 0.000%)

symptoms - shakes, profuse perspiration, weakness, alcohol and drug seeking; agitation, headache, anorexia, nausea / vomiting, abdominal cramps, increased heart rate, exaggerated and rapid reflexes; visual and auditory hallucinations may follow in increased intensity (when severely intoxicated - acute alcoholic hallucinosis)

onset - within 24 hours of drinking cessation

symptoms - grand mal seizures (ranging from one seizure to continuous severe seizure activity w/ little or no interuption)

onset - ~ 30 hours after drinking cessation (most protracted phase and may last 3 to 4 days) (commonly called delirium tremens (DTs))

symptoms - severe agitation, confusion and disorientation; almost continual activity; very high body temp and abnormally rapid heartbeat; terrifying hallucinations (visual, auditory, tactile); delusions with high potential for violent behavior without medical management; death during DTs occur due to increased fever, cardiovascular collapse, or traumatic injury

onset - 5 to 7 days after drinking stopped

symptoms - exhaustion and severe dehydration

treatment of alcohol withdrawal without the use of medicine

awareness of temporal specification - time of day, day of week, what year

one of the functions assess in a psychiatric mental status exam

solvent - combined with other ingredients in cough syrups mouthwashes and shaving lotions compounds created to treat skin problems ethanol sponges to treat fevers dehydrated alcohol injected close to nerves or sympathetic ganglia to relieve chronic pain in patients with inoperable cancer

transient state of physical and psychological disruption caused by presence of toxic substance in CNS

effect of alcohol - causes skin to feel warm and turn red

dilating effects on peripheral blood vessels causes some loss of body heat

rapid eye movement

associated with dream activity and are one state in sleep cycle

alcohol suppress throughout the night

failure to recall events that occurred while drinking even though there is no loss of consciousness

partially recall events that occurred in full consciousness during a drinking occasion

reflect state-dependent learning

memory for recent events

memory for remote events

information enters LT mem through short-term memory

onset - 4 to 12 hours after reaching peak BAC

symptoms - headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, increased heart rate, fatigue, and thirst

drugs used to treat depressions that inhibit the activity of the enzyme monoamine oxidase which degrades NTs of norepinephrine and serotonin

alcohol can decrease effect of these prescribed meds

illegal for people under age of 21 to drive with measurable amounts of alcohol in their bodies

"measurable" BAC's higher than 0.02% i

alcohol releases behavior normally inhibited by society as result of depressant action on brain

whatever anxieties we have about social consequences of behavior vanish as result of alcohols pharmacological action

slight changes in feeling ; sense of warmth and well-being

feelings of relaxation, slight exhilaration, happiness; skin may flush; mild impairment in motor skills

effects become more noticeable; more exaggerated changes in emotion, impaired judgement and lowered inhibitions; coordination may be altered

reaction time is increased, muscle coordination is impaired; sensory feelings of numbness in cheeks, lips, and extremities; further impairment in judgement; legal level of intoxication reached

deterioration in motor coordination and reaction time; possible staggering and slow speech

major impairment in balance and movement; large increase in reaction time; large impairment in judgement and perception

difficulty staying awake; substantial reduction of motor sensory capabilities; slurred speech, double vision, difficulty standing or walking without assistance

confusion and stupor; difficulty comprehending what is going on; possible loss of consciousness (passing out)

typically unconsciousness; sweatiness and clamminess of skin; alcohol has become anesthetic

circulatory and respiratory functions may become totally depressed ; LD 50 in humans

caused by nutritional deficiencies that occur in people dependent on alcohol

a chronic alcohol effect indirectly related to alcohol dependency

characterized by confusion, loss of memory, staggering gait, and inability to focus the eye

in absence of permanent brain damage - can reversible with vitamin B

specific and general impairment in cognitive functioning

minor reversible (w/ abstinence) damage to irreversible, sometimes fatal damage (cirrhosis)

increased mortality from coronary heart disease and increased risk for cardiovascular diseases in general

alcohol-induced wasting of heart muscle (alcohol cardiomyopathy)

effects on secretion of hormones in different hormone hierarchies or "axes" (e.g. - hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis)

increased susceptibility to several infectious diseases

cause of gastritis and increased of risk of pancreatitis

increased risk of contracting cancers - oral cavity, tongue, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, lung, pancreas, colon, rectum neu

formal ways of measuring behavioral functions that may be impaired by brain lesions

associated with damage to brain structure - affects memory

confusion and confabulation

fabrication of events, when asked questions concerning then, because of an inability to recall

earliest / most benign effect - characterized by fat accumulating in liver

reversible with abstinence from alcohol

inflammation and death of liver cells

reversible with abstinence from alcohol and medical treatment

can cause death if severe enough and not treated

accumulation of bile (in liver

chromic inflammation disease of liver involving cell death and formation of scar tissue

death results because liver fails to metabolize various toxins and they accumulate in the body

gynecomastia - formation of breasts in men - alcohol alters balance of estrogen and testosterone due to damage to liver

loss in sexual desire - impotence

hypogonadism

in biology - study of monsters or distortions in growth

FAS falls into class of alcohol teratology

a congenital medical condition in which body deformation occurs or facial development or mental ability is impaired because the mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy

Cluster of craniofacial abnormalities CNS dysfunction Pre- and / or postnatal stunting of growth Hearing, language, and speech disorders

range of one to three drinks a day (tendency for smaller amounts for women than men)

moderate drinking-health hypothesis

co-occurrence of a diet high in saturated fats and low incidence of coronary heart disease

study found one - two 4 oz glasses of wine a day is associated with improved health effects (lower heart disease)

(t/f) humans have consumed alcohol since between 6000 BC and 5000 BC

(t/f) in U.S. in 1830 adults' average alcohol consumption was about five drinks a day

(t/f) highest rates of heavy drinking, and this greatest vulnerability to drinking problems, are in men between 40 and 45

(t/f) it is difficult to consume a lethal dose of alcohol

(t/f) if not treated properly, alcohol withdrawal syndrome can be fatal

(t/f) alcohol is a drug that has no legitimate medical value

(t/f) if you drink a lot and black out, it means you have lost consciousness

(t/f) alcohol causes violent behavior

(t/f) alcohol improves sexual performance

(t/f) the cognitive deficits that seem to occur in some people as a result of years of heavy drinking are reversible

(t/f) majority of individuals with severe alcohol use disorder eventually develop cirrhosis of the liver