Horticulture exam 1

Horticulture is the cultivation and management of plants for practical and aesthetic purposes. Activities include planting, pruning, fertilizing, and harvesting, as well as studying plant diseases and improving growth.

It can relieve stress, burn calories, and lower blood pressure

Study of agricultural science and practices, focusing on crop production, soil management, and sustainable farming techniques.

The study of vegetable cultivation and production

The study of fruits, including their cultivation, production, and post-harvest management.

Grapevine cultivation for wine production involves studying grape varieties, vineyard management, and grape harvesting and winemaking processes.

the cultivation and management of trees and shrubs

The cultivation and management of flowering plants for commercial purposes, such as cut flowers and ornamental plants.

The process of growing and propagating plants in specialized facilities called nurseries

The study and practice of designing, installing, and maintaining outdoor spaces, including gardens, parks, and landscapes, with a focus on enhancing the environment and promoting sustainability

The classification of organisms based on their characteristics and relationships

A type of plant that reproduces using seeds, which are produced in structures called cones or flowers. They include gymnosperms (conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants).

Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce fruits and seeds enclosed in a protective ovary. Gymnosperms are non-flowering plants that bear uncovered seeds, usually in cones.

Monocot: Flowering plant with one seed leaf, parallel veins, scattered vascular bundles, fibrous roots, and floral parts in multiples of three. Dicot: Flowering plant with two seed leaves, net-like veins, ring-shaped vascular bundles, taproots, and floral parts in multiples of four or five.

Sympetalae flowers have fused petals, forming a single corolla, while chloripetalae flowers have separate petals.

Annual plants live for one growth season (corn, watermelons, wheat), perennial live for more than 2 (ex. Basil, strawberry), and biennials live for only 2 (flowers), Winter annuals live for the winter season and summer annuals live for the summer.

“Trees are woody, perennial plants that have one central stem, are generally more than 12 feet in height, and normally have a distinct head. Shrubs are woody, perennial plants that have a number of stems usually produced from near the soil line of the plant.

whole plant, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, macromolecules

root, stem, leaf

monocot= straight and long, dicot= complex and veiny

upper epidermis, palisade layer (with chloroplasts), vascular bundle (xylem, phloem, bundle sheath), lower epidermis, cuticle

stoma are pores on the surface of the aerial parts of most higher plants. guard cells control the openings.

shade grown = more pliable and thin, sun grown = thicker and tough

opposite= diagonal leaves, whorled = leaves coming from one node, alternate = alternating leaves on stem

compound = many leaflets coming from one leaf, single = just one leaf

photosynthesis, transpiration, and protection

palmately = more complex (looks like a maple leaf), pinnately = simple (looks like a feather)

transports water and nutrients up from the roots all the way to the leaves, and the stem transports sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

crowns= leaf and flower buds on compressed stem, stolons= stems that grow horizontally above ground, spurs= tiny tree branches that grow flowers/ fruit

primary growth = mainly used for plants to get longer and grow more limbs, secondary= mainly for growing thicker each year (trees)

xylem formed by the vascular cambium during one growing season

monocot = phloem and xylem are scattered, dicot= phloem and xylem are orderly and in a circle around the pith

tap = one large root (carrot), fibrous = lots of roots and produce is above ground

tubular extensions of epidermal cells that increase surface area of root

inside cortex and epidermis

domain, kingdom, phylum/ division, class, order, family, genus, species

Carl Von Linne/ Linnaeus

varieties occur naturally and cultivars are man-made

female flowers grow fruits and male flowers produce pollen. females have an ovary, style, and stigma. males have an anther and filament

perfect= both male and female parts = either male or female

no stamens = incomplete, yes stamens = complete

monoecious = both staminate and pistilate occur on the same plant, dioecious = two separate plants

monocot = flower petals divisible by 3, dicot = flower petals divisible by 5

once pollen gets to the ovary within the flower, the ovary develops into a fruit. the ovules inside the ovary develop into seeds inside of the fruit

flowers form along a single stem in a line

each flower has its own stem and is organized and equal on each side

flowers form on their own stems and have smaller pedicels branching off where the flowers form

flowers grow in bunches at the top of each stem

usually broad and flat topped, usually growing in 3’s

flowers grow in spherical bundles on the top of the stem

meristematic= cell division becoming permanent growth, non-meristematic= no cell division growth

dermal, vascular, ground/ fundamental

found on the outer layer of stems, roots, and leaves. protects plant from infection, environment, and mechanical stress. it also regulates water and gas exchange. ex.) epidermis and periderm

plumbing system of the plant and allows water, minerals and dissolved sugars from photosynthesis to pass through roots, stems, leaves and other parts. ex.) veins on leaves, vascular bundles in stems, vascular stele in roots

the xylem system distributes water and dissolves minerals upward through the plant, from the roots to the leaves. The phloem carries food downward from the leaves to the roots

Tissues not considered dermal or vascular are notes as ground tissue. function- storage, support, filler tissue and site of photosynthesis