Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function

no nucleus, DNA in cytoplasm, no membrane-bound organelles, single chromosome, binary fission

DNA in nucleus, has membrane-bound organelles, mitosis/meiosis, paired chromosomes

smaller organelles have a higher surface area:volume ratio (divide surface area by volume- high number good)

regulates passage of materials in/out of cell, structural organelle, proteins + phospholipid bilayer

storage site of DNA and genetic info, controls cell’s activities, contains nucleolus that manufactures ribosomal subunits

controls cellular respiration, numerous in high-energy cells, transfers energy, uses glucose to create ATP

found loose in cytoplasm or attached to ER, protein synthesis

may have attached ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and proteins

may have ribosomes attached; produces, folds, and does quality control on proteins

collection of smooth membrane bound sacs isolated from ER, final modifications of proteins, processes + packages substances for export

digests old organelles + foreign substances, programmed cell death

transfers H and O to make hydrogen peroxide, breaks down hydrogen peroxide

plant cells only, site of photosynthesis, chlorophyll, converts sun’s energy into chemical energy in glucose

area of cell between nucleus and cell membrane, holds organelles, cytosol

pushes/pulls chromatids during mitosis/meiosis, organizes microtubules in building of mitotic spindle

network of protein fibers extending through cytoplasm, provides structure

short, hair like structures used to propel cells

long, whiplike structures used to propel cells

source of turgor pressure in plant cells, stores food, water and metabolic wastes of plant cells

outside of cell membrane, only in plant cells, provides structure + support

hydrophilic head + hydrophobic tail, selectively permeable (lets small and uncharged molecules in)

serve as channels

lie on surface of membrane, communicate between cell and environment

polar and nonpolar ends, buried in hydrophobic core of membrane, provide flexibility and stability for cell membrane

sugar branch attached to a phospholipid

markers for recognition

sugar branch attached to a protein

transport, attachment, receptors, act as enzymes

no energy required, high to low concentration

requires ATP, low to high concentration

passive transport, moves small and neutral molecules through the membrane

passive transport, movement of water molecules, can move in on its own or with aquaporins

passive transport, transport proteins move large/charged molecules in/out

used in facilitated diffusion; protein that passively transports substances across a cell membrane

used in facilitated diffusion; proteins that change shape to allow a substance to pass through the membrane

used in facilitated diffusion; opens or closes in response to a stimulus such as a neurotransmitter or to a change in pressure, voltage, or light

used in facilitated diffusion; a molecule that binds to another molecule called a receptor to send signals within or between cells

used in facilitated diffusion; channel proteins that transport water

molecules brought into the cell by vesicles

vesicle surrounds molecules and fuses with cell membrane to excrete

endocytosis with solids

endocytosis with liquids

ligand bonds to receptor on cell membrane

molecular transport; transport protein in membrane that uses energy to pump 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in

concentration equal to the cell

more water in solution than in cell

less water in solution than in cell

factors that would affect rate of diffusion

pressure exerted by fluid in a cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall