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the multistep process of digestion includes
physical, chemical, and absorption
all 6 steps of digestion
ingestion, propulsion, mechanical breakdown, chemical digestion, absorption, and dedication
ingestion
eating
propulstion
peristalsis (swallowing)
breaking down food and section of emymes
physical/chemical
the process by which nutrients pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood
absorption
the process of chewing
mastication
the breakdown of food molecules into their individual components
digestion
the act of swollowing
deglutition
what type of messages do they send to the brain?
when to eat and when to defecate
what acids can be absorbed into the blood once the food had been physically and chemically broken down into smaller molecules?
amino acid, fatty acid, and monosaccharides
what 3 things can be absorbed through the stomach?
water, alcohol, and aspirin
the two parts of the digestive system are
the alimentary canal and accessory organs
food enters the body through the
mouth
food is cut, crushed, and ground into little pieces by the
teeth
it is moistened by the
saliva
food is moved around in the mouth by the
tongue
a meal remains in the stomach for how many hours?
2 to 4
3 types of teeth
incisor, canine, and premolars and molars
what do incisor teeth do?
cut food (they're sharp)
what do canine teeth do?
tear food
what do premolar/molar teeth do?
crush & grind
what do salivary glands produce that is then mixed with the cut, torn, and ground food?
mucus
types of salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular (parotid is the only one that releases saliva above the tongue; other two, under the tongue)
about how much saliva do the salivary glands secrete daily?
about a liter
what rises up while swallowing?
the soft palate
what does the soft palate close off?
the nasal cavity which opens into the upper part of the pharynx
what drops when the larynx rises?
the epiglottis
what does the epiglottis do?
it seals off the larynx so that food cannot travel down into the trachea
why does a cough reflex occur?
since the lining of the larynx and trachea are very sensitive, if anything other than air goes down them, or even near them, a signal is sent to the brain which then a cough reflex occurs
what are the three stages of deglutition
the voluntary oral stage, the pharyngeal stage, and the esophageal stage
what does the voluntary oral stage do?
can spit out the food if you don't want it
what does the esophageal stage do?
rings of muscle contracts and relaxes to push the bolus down the esophagus (bolus is a mass of chewed food)
the process of contraction & relaxation of circular smooth muscle that pushes food through the alimentary canal
peristalsis
where is the stomach?
to the left of the midline and inferior to the skeletal muscle that controls breathing
what are the four regions of the stomach?
the cardiac region, the fundus, the body, and the pylorus
what does the pyloric sphincter do?
it governs the flow of materials from the stomach into the small intestine
how many liters of gastric juice do the gastric glands secrete daily?
2 to 3
the acidic secretions of the stomach
gastric juice
why doesn't the lining of the stomach get hurt from the gastric juices?
there is so much mucus lining the stomach that the juice never actually touches the tissues of the stomach
a large canal that absorbs water back into the body and then eliminates waste
large intestine
an organ that makes digestive juices that break down food after it leaves the stomach
pancreas
a large muscular sac that digests food
stomach
a large, reddish brown organ that filters blood and creates bile
liver
the oral cavity where digestion starts
mouth
a muscular passage that brings food and liquids to the stomach
esophagus
an organ located under the liver that stores bile
gallbladder
a winding, tightly folded tube that absorbs excess water from undigested food
small intestine
the flap over the trachea that keeps food from entering the windpipe
epiglottis
the section of the large intestine that temporarily stores feces before it exits the body
rectum
another name for the large intestine
colon
a muscular organ which assists with chewing, swallowing, and taste
tongue
1st part of the digestive tract, receives food by ingestion, breaks it into smaller pieces by mastication and mixes it with saliva
mouth
makes saliva which softens and moisten food so it can be swallowed more easily and plays a role in oral health. it also has an enzyme, amylase, which makes it easier for the stomach to break down food
salivary glands
transports food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach
esophagus
processes the nutrients absorbed from the small intestines, stores fat soluble vitamins, and handles cholesterol homeostasis
liver
stores and concentrates bile from the liver and maintains the flow of it
gallbladder
holds food and mixes it with acids and enzymes that continue to break it down into a liquid or paste to pass through the small intestine
stomach
produces enzymes that help digestion and insulin that maintains blood sugar levels
pancreas
further digest food that came from the stomach, absorbs nutrients needed for the body, and gets rid of unnecessary components
small intestines
absorbs water and electrolytes, produces and absorbs vitamins, and forms and propels feces towards the rectum for elimination
large intestine
connects the colon to the anus and collect and hold to poop until it’s time to release it
rectum
passes feces out of the body
anus
stores certain healthy bacteria
appendix
what are the motor functions of the stomach?
storage, 2) mixes boluses and gastric juices, 3) forces chyme down the stomach into the pylorus, and 4) vomiting
how long is the small intestine?
20 ft long
why is the small intestine called the small intestine?
because its small in diameter
where the majority of ____ takes place here
digestion
what are the three main regions of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum
connects to the stomach; first region
duodenum
most of the absorption and chemical digestion; second region
jejunum
empties into the large intestine; third region
ileum
where do the small and large intestine come together?
the cecum
what are the three parts of the large intestine?
cecum, colon, and rectum
what is the colon's main job?
take liquid chyme coming from the small intestine and from feces, which then is emilanted thought defecation
what are the three colon names?
ascending colon (goes up), transverse colon (goes across), and descending colon (goes down)
how long is the large intestine?
5 ft long
what is a doctor that specializes in the digestive system?
gastroenterologist
what are the two types of vitamins?
fat soluble (cannot be dissolved in water) and water soluble (cannot be dissolved in fat)
vitamins A, B, E, and K
fat soluble
vitamins C, B group (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, and B12), biotin folic acid, and pantothenic acid
how many amino acids can we make out of the 20 and how can we get the others?
we can make 11 of them and the other 9 we need to get them from food
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