ap bio part 1 review

One in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy. Can decay to a different element. Have useful applications.

Capacity to cause change

Energy matter possesses because of its location or structure. Electrons have this based on distance from nucleus.

Where electrons are found, each with characteristic average distance and energy level. Electrons can change these by absorbing or losing energy.

Electrons in the outermost shell.

The attraction that holds atoms together during an interaction.

Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

One pair of shared electrons.

H--H. Notation which represents both atoms and bonding.

Sharing two pairs of valence electrons.

Bonding capacity. Equal to the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the outermost (valence) shell.

The attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.

Covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally.

Where one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom and the electrons of the bond are not shared equally.

The attraction of cations and anions. The transfer of electrons creates ions which form an ionic bond.

A charged atom.

A positively charged atom.

A negatively charged atom.

Or Salts. Compounds formed by ionic bonds.

When a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom.

Ever changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick to one another.

Determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another.

The starting materials of a chemical reaction.

The resulting material of a chemical reaction.

The point at which the relative concentrations of the products and the reactants stop changing and offset one another exactly.

The study of carbon & hydrogen compounds (organic compounds).

this atom has 4 electrons in valence shell and can form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms

An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.

One of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types are structural, geometric, and enantiomers.

One or several compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms. (DIFFERENT SHAPE)

One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds (DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT)

One or two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon. (MIRROR IMAGE)

A steroid hormone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics; the major estrogen in mammals.

Asteroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals.

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.

A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.

A chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen (must be in middle of chain)

A chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to another oxygen (must be in middler of chain)

A chemical group consisting of a carbon double bonded to oxygen and single bonded to hydrogen (must be at end of chain)

A chemical group consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group

A chemical group consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a negatively charged oxygen

A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1⁺

A chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.

A chemical group consisting of a phosphate atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer.

Name the 4 types of macromolecules

All the chemical conversions that occur within a cell

Conversion of complex organic molecules into smaller molecules by breaking chemical bonds

Conversion of small organic molecules by forming chemical bonds between smaller molecules

Pocess that is the reverse of dehydration synthesis. In __________, or water breakage, the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule.

Reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded, with the loss of a water molecule

Long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.

In carbohydrates, monosaccharides are joined together in a covalent bond called __________ _______.

Carbohydrates are made up of _______________.

The monomer in a carbohydrate is a(n) ______________.

Two monosaccharides covalently bonded form a ____________.

Three or more monosaccharides linked together form a ______________.

The bond in a carbohydrate is a(n) __________ _______.

Two examples of structural carbohydrates are ______ and _________.

Polymer of β glucose monomers that is found in plant cell walls

Stored carbohydrate in an animal is called ________; in a plant, it is ______.

Starch and glycogen are polymers of ________ molecules.

Lipids are the only large biological molecules that do not form __________.

Cushioning of organs, insulation, and energy storage are three functions of ___________.

Triglyceride is composed of a ______ and three ____ _____ ______.

Fats with one or more double covalent bonds, which is less likely to solidify and more flexible.

Basic structural component of cell membranes, with a polar/hydrophilic head region and a nonpolar/hydrophobic tail region, giving membranes their selective permeability.

Lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of hydrogen-fused rings.

Good cholesterol is called ___ ____________.

The bad cholesterol, which can harden in arteries.

In a triglyceride, the ---OH of glycerol loses a H and the ---COOH of the fatty acid chain loses a ---OH which joins to form water in a(n) _____ _______.

The monomer in a protein is a(n) _____ ____.

Amino acids are formed of a(n) _____ group with a(n) ________ group and a(n) _ group side chain.

# different amino acids which can assemble according to genetic code to make different proteins.

In a _______ bond, the ---COOH group in one amino acid loses an ---OH and the ---NH2 group in another amino acid loses a H.

The polymer in a protein is a(n) ___________.

The amino acid sequence ultimately determine the __ _________ of proteins.

A protein's _________ determines its function.

At the _______ level of protein structure, a linear sequence of amino acids is joined by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide.

At the _________ level of protein structure, hydrogen bonds form between the partial positive hydrogen atom of amine groups and the partial negative oxygen atom of carboxyl groups.

__ ___________ ______________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.

___ ___________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.

At the ________ level of protein structure, various chemical associations in precise regions of a polypeptide cause it to fold into a 3D shape that will determine its function.

At the __________ level of protein structure, 2 to 4 completely formed polypeptides combine.

In this disease, one amino acid at the primary level (valine) replaces glutamic acid and the result is a distorted shape at the subsequent levels.

Insulin and glucagon are examples of _________ proteins.

________ proteins are embedded in all membranes and allow cells to interact with molecules and other cells.

___________ proteins, such as actin and myosin, are found in muscle cells.

_____________ proteins move molecules into and out of cells.

_________ proteins, like antibodies, are produced in response to antigens and bind to them.