Evolution Biology Unit Test

the process by which different kinds of living organisms are though to have developed and diversified from earlier forms

evolution usually refers to a process that produces a more complex organism

was known for being the first attempt to classify animals into groups

extended ideas for classification of plants + animals based on anatomy/physiology

recognized similarities and differences between organisms

binomial nomenclature

challenged the idea that life forms are unchanging

He noted similarities between humans and apes, speculates that they have a common ancestor

compared current animal species with fossils

observed the line of descent/progress - a series of fossils lead to modern species

species increase in complexity overtime

“the inheritance of acquired characteristics”

• describes the characteristics acquired during an organisms lifetime can be passed onto its offspring

catastrophism

• catastrophes occurred which formed different species

• developed the science of palaeontology

• found that each stratum is characterized by a unique group of fossil species

• the deeper the stratum, the more dissimilar from modern life it will be

looked at populations and graphed relationships to resources

as population increases, there will be more competition (survival of the fittest)

rejected catastrophism

proposed that geological processes occur at the same rates in the past that they do today in a process called uniformitarianism

slow, subtle processes could result in substantial processes

describes a process of change in a population of organisms over many generations

this chance happens because individuals who have inherited traits survive and pass alleles to offspring

a change in genetic material of an organism

leads to new alleles in a species and are a source of new genetic variation

as a result, traits are inherited among generations

genetic advantage of one organism over its competitors

leads to an organism having the better chance for survival and reproduction

environmental conditions may select for or against certain characteristics

individuals with traits that help them survive in their local environments were more likely to survive to pass these traits onto offspring

survival of the fittest

• organisms that are fittest leave the most offspring so those organisms win the struggle for survival

Individuals that are better suited to local conditions survive better to produce more offspring

his observations become important to his theory of evolution by natural selection

organisms produce more offspring than can survive. Therefore, organisms compete for limited resources

a structure, behaviour, or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce viable offspring in a particular environment

Structural - related to physical features

Physiological - chemical functions they perform

Behavioural - an adaptation that involves activities that helps an organism survive

are structural, functional, or physiological differences between individuals

not all variations become adaptations

mate selection based on a particular phenotype or due to inbreeding

individuals choose mates based on physical and behavioural traits

when closely related individuals breed together

increases frequency of homozygotes

harmful recessive alleles will be expressed

a population in which an allele frequency remains the same over generations

the percentage of any specific allele in a gene pool

evolution on a grand scale

changes occur over a long period of time

small scale evolution

change in gene frequencies within a population overtime

changes may form and lead to new species

the study of early, pre-birth stages of an organisms development

we use embryology to study relationships between animals

different organisms will show similar stages of embryonic development

have similar structural elements and origin, but serve different purposes

structures that do not have common evolution origin, but serve the same purpose

study of past and present geographical distribution of organisms

geographically close locations will have populated species more closely related than locations distant from each other

reveals 3 pieces of evidence that support evolution

• Fossils found in young layers of rock are more similar to modern species

• Fossils appear chronologically by rock layers

• not all organisms appear in the fossil record at the same time

certain types of fossils that show links between groups of organisms

humans can select for specific traits, reducing genetic diversity

the organisms that are produced, are produced with the goal of containing the same genetic information in order to produce similar organisms

prevent species from mating or prevent fertilization of eggs if individuals from different species attempt to mate

prevent the hybrid zygotes from developing into a viable and fertile organism

a population whose individual members can interbreed and produce viable offspring who can also interbreed

is how a new species is formed, and its a continuous process

a mode of natural selection based of competition between male completion and female selection

certain individuals have a better chance of survival based on their fitness

favours intermediate phenotypes

reduces variation and improves adaptation

favours one extreme over the other

favours extremes

intermediate phenotypes become eliminated

changes in gene distribution that result from a rapid decrease in population size

only a fraction of the alleles are still present after the population decrease

gene pool loses diversity

a change in the gene pool that occurs when a few individuals start a new isolated population

founders will carry some, but not all alleles from the original gene pool

diversity in the new gene pool is limited

changes in allele frequencies due to chance events in a breeding population

when there is a small population, you are less likely to see gene pool of population

when there is a large population, you are more likely to see gene pool of population

changes that happens in the DNA of an individual

Heritable mutation has potential to affect an entire gene pool

movement of alleles from one population to another

new alleles are brought into the population

populations within the same geographical areas diverge and become reproductively isolated

chromosomal changes and non-random mating influence gene flow

evolutionary biologists are constantly trying to determine the speed at which evolution occurs

evolutionary change is slow and steady

long periods of stasis that are interrupted by periods of divergences

species who are once similar to an ancestral species diverge or become increasingly distinct

similar traits arise due to different species having to adapt independently to similar environmental conditions

a population split into groups by a geographical barrier, causing change in allele frequencies

the diversification of a common ancestral species into a variety of differently adapted species

interbred species may stop the development of the zygote

first ten hybrid might be viable, but gen 2 isn’t

aka. Hybrid Sterility

Meiosis doesn’t produce normal gametes

species live nearby to another, but different habitats

anatomically, the organisms are incompatible

gametes are unable to fuse to form a zygote

different species have matin rituals specific to their species

temporal = time

timing of mating affect the mating of species