Chapter 3: Macromolecules - APBio

A functional group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. It is commonly found in organic compounds and plays a crucial role in various chemical reactions, such as alcohol formation and hydrogen bonding.

A functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. It is commonly found in organic compounds, such as aldehydes and ketones. Imparts unique chemical properties to the molecule.

It consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group (OH). It is acidic in nature and can donate a hydrogen ion. Commonly found in carboxylic acids and amino acids.

A group of organic compounds containing a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to a carbon atom. They are commonly found in vinegar and have a sour taste.

A functional group (-SH) consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. It is commonly found in amino acids, proteins, and enzymes. Sulfhydryl groups are important for protein structure and can form disulfide bonds, contributing to the stability and folding of proteins.

Consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. Commonly found in molecules like DNA, RNA, and ATP. Plays a crucial role in energy transfer and storage in cells. Has a negative charge due to the presence of three negatively charged oxygen atoms. Can form multiple covalent bonds with other atoms or groups.

Building blocks of proteins. Consists of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain. There are 20 common amino acids.

Different compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.

Building block of a polymer; small, repeating unit; can join together to form long chains; examples include glucose, amino acids, and nucleotides.

A type of compound consisting of repeating units called monomers, which are connected through covalent bonds. Polymers can have a wide range of properties and uses, including being used in plastics, fibers, and coatings.

Chemical reaction that combines two molecules by removing water, forming a new, larger molecule.

Process where a compound is broken down by reacting with water, resulting in the decomposition of the compound into its constituent parts.

Macronutrient composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Main source of energy for the body. Types include monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (two sugars), and polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates).

~4.5Cal/g

Organic compounds that are insoluble in water. They include fats, oils, and waxes. Main functions include energy storage, insulation, and protection. Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Classified into triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Play a crucial role in cell structure, hormone production, and nutrient absorption.

~9Cal/g

Essential nutrients that provide energy, insulation, and cushioning for organs. They are composed of fatty acids and come in three types: saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats.

A type of dietary fat found mostly in animal products and some plant-based oils. Consuming high amounts of saturated fat can increase cholesterol levels and the risk of heart disease. It is solid at room temperature and often associated with foods like butter, cheese, and fatty meats.

Liquid at room temperature, derived from plants and some animals, and has at least one double bond in its fatty acid chain, causing a kink in the compound. A healthier alternative to saturated fats, as it can help lower bad cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease. Examples include olive oil, avocados, and nuts.

Defined as the sequence of amino acids linked together to form a polypeptide chain. Each amino acid is linked to the next amino acid through peptide bonds created during the protein biosynthesis process.

Comprised of regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms in the polypeptide backbone. Can create bends and folds over itself.

The three-dimensional shape of the protein is determined by regions stabilized by interactions between the side chains

Two or more polypeptide subunits. They hook together